ToxFAQs^TM for Thallium

(Talio)

June 2013

CAS#: 7440-28-0

PDF Version, 136 KB

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This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about thallium. For more information, you may call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

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Summary

Exposure to thallium occurs mainly from eating food. Exposure to higher levels of thallium may occur in the workplace. Breathing high levels of thallium may result in effects on the nervou s system, while ingesting high levels of it results in vomiting, diarrhea, tempor ary hair loss, and other effects. This chemical has been found in at least 210 of 1,416 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency.

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What is thallium?

Pure thallium is a bluish-white metal that is found in trace amounts in the earth's crust. In the past, thallium was obtained as a by-product from smelting other metals; however, it has not been produced in the United States since 1984. Currently, all the thallium is obtained from imports and from thallium reserves.

In its pure form, thallium is odorless and tasteless. It can also be found combined with other substances such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine. When it's combined, it appears colorless-to-white or yellow.

Thallium is used mostly in manufacturing electronic devices, switches, and closures, primarily for the semiconductor industry. It also has limited use in the manufacture of special glass and for certain medical procedures.

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What happens to thallium when they enters the environment?

• Thallium enters the environment primarily from coal-burning and smelting, in which it is a trace contaminant of the raw materials.
• It stays in the air, water, and soil for a long time and is not broken down.
• Some thallium compounds are removed from the atmosphere in rain and snow.
• It's absorbed by plants and enters the food chain.
• It builds up in fish and shellfish.

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How might I be exposed to thallium?

• Eating food contaminated with thallium may be a major source of exposure for most people.
• Breathing workplace air in industries that use thallium.
• Smoking cigarettes.
• Living near hazardous waste sites containing thallium (may result in higher than normal exposures).
• Touching or, for children, eating soil contaminated with thallium.
• Breathing low levels in air and water.

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How can thallium affect my health?

Exposure to high levels of thallium can result in harmful health effects. A study on workers exposed o n the job over several years reported nervous system effects, such as numbness of fingers and toes, from breathing thallium.

Studies in people who ingested large amounts of thallium over a short time have reported vomiting, diarrhea, temporary hair loss, and effects on the nervous system, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys. It has caused death. It is not known what the effects are from ingesting low levels of thallium over a long time.

Birth defects were not reported in the children of mothers exposed to low levels from eating vegetables and fruits contaminated with thallium. Studies in rats, however, exposed to high levels of thallium, showed adverse developmental effects.

It is not known if breathing or ingesting thallium affects human reproduction. Studies showed that rats that ingested thallium for several weeks had some adverse reproductive effects. Animal data suggest that the male reproductive system may be susceptible to damage by low levels of thallium.

There is no information available on the health effects of skin contact with thallium in people or animals.

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How likely is thallium to cause cancer?

The Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have not classified thallium as to its human carcinogenicity.

No studies are available in people or animals on the carcinogenic effects of breathing, ingesting, or touching thallium.

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Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to thallium?

There are medical tests available to measure levels of thallium in urine and hair. In addition, thallium can also be measured in blood; however, this is not a good indicator of exposure since thallium only stays in blood a very short time.

These tests require special equipment that is not usually available in most doctor's offices. In addition, these tests cannot determine if adverse health effects will occur from the exposure to thallium.

The geometric mean thallium level measured in the U.S. general population aged 6 and older is reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as 0.153 µg/g creatinine (measured in urine).

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Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health?

The EPA requires that discharges or accidental spills into the environment of 1,000 pounds or more of thallium be reported.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.1 milligrams per cubic meter (0.1 mg/m³) for thallium in workplace air. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established the same guidelines as OSHA for the workplace.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that 15 mg/m³ of thallium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health. This is the exposure level of a chemical that is likely to cause permanent health problems or death.

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Glossary

Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer.

Ingesting: Taking food or drink into your body.

Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram.

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References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1992. Toxicological Profile for thallium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_UpdatedTables_Sep2012.pdf

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Where can I get more information?

If you have questions or concerns, please contact your community or state health or environmental quality department or:

For more information, contact:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57
Atlanta, GA 30329-4027
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO · 888-232-6348 (TTY)
Email: Contact CDC-INFO

ATSDR can also tell you the location of occupational and environmental health clinics. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances.

Information line and technical assistance:
Phone: 888-422-8737

To order toxicological profiles, contact:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Phone: 800-553-6847 or 703-605-6000

Disclaimer
Some PDF files may be electronic conversions from paper copy or other electronic ASCII text files. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors. Users are referred to the original paper copy of the toxicological profile for the official text, figures, and tables. Original paper copies can be obtained via the directions on the toxicological profile home page, which also contains other important information about the profiles.

The information contained here was correct at the time of publication. Please check with the appropriate agency for any changes to the regulations or guidelines cited.