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Infection Control

Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities (2003)

Part III. References

Note: The bold item in parentheses indicated the citation number or the location of this reference listed in the MMWR version of this guideline.

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  1425. CDC. List of select agents and biological toxins. Available at: [This link is no longer active: www.cdc.gov/od/sap/docs/salist.pdf.]
  1426. Bond WW. Survival of hepatitis B virus in the environment. JAMA 1984;252:397–8.
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  1437. Breiman RF, Cozen W, Fields BS, et al. Role of air sampling in investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease associated with exposure to aerosols from an evaporative condenser. J Infect Dis 1990;161:1257–61.
  1438. (Appendix; 9) CDC. Procedures for the recovery of Legionella from the environment. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1992;1–13.
  1439. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. Microbial biofilms. Ann Rev Microbiol 1995;49:711–45.
  1440. LeChevallier MW, Babcock TM, Lee RG. Examination and characterization of distribution system biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987;53:2714–24.
  1441. Nagy LA, Olson BH. Occurrence and significance of bacteria, fungi, and yeasts associated with distribution pipe surfaces. Proceeds of the Water Quality Technology Conference. Portland, OR: 1985;213–38.
  1442. Maki DG, Martin WT. Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated infusion products. IV growth of microbial pathogens in fluids for intravenous infusion. J Infect Dis 1975;131:267–72.
  1443. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999;284:1318–22.
  1444. Costerton JW, Khoury AE, Ward KH, Anwar H. Practical measures to control device-related bacterial infections. Int J Artif Organs 1993;16:765–70.
  1445. Nickel JC, Costerton JW, McLean RJC, Olson M. Bacterial biofilms: influence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infections. J Antimicrobial Chemother 1994;33 (Suppl. A):31– 41.
  1446. LeChevallier MW, Cawthon CD, Lee RG. Inactivation of biofilm bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988;54:2492–9.
  1447. Anwar J, Strap JL, Costerton JW. Establishment of aging biofilms: possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemotherapy 1992;36:1347–51.
  1448. Stewart PS. Biofilm accumulation model that predicts antibiotic resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemotherapy 1994;38:1052–8.
  1449. Chen X, Stewart PS. Chlorine penetration into artificial biofilm is limited by a reaction-diffusion interaction. Environ Sci Technol 1996;30:2078–83.
  1450. Huang C-T, Yu FP, McFeters GA, Stewart PS. Non-uniform spatial patterns of respiratory activity with biofilms during disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:2252–6.
  1451. Donlan RM, Pipes WO. Selected drinking water characteristics and attached microbial population density. J AWWA 1988;80:70–6.
  1452. Reasoner DJ, Geldreich EE. A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985;49:1–7.
  1453. Pass T, Wright R, Sharp B, Harding GB. Culture of dialysis fluids on nutrient-rich media for short periods at elevated temperatures underestimates microbial contamination. Blood Purif 1996;14:136–45.
  1454. Arduino MJ, Bland LA, Aguero SM, et al. Effects of incubation time and temperature on microbiologic sampling procedures for hemodialysis fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:1462–5.
  1455. (234) Klein E, Pass T, Harding GB, Wright R, Million C. Microbial and endotoxin contamination in water and dialysate in the central United States. Artif Organs 1990;14:85–94.
  1456. (235) Man N-K, Degremont A, Darbord J-C, Collet M, Vaillant P. Evidence of bacterial biofilm in tubing from hydraulic pathway of hemodialysis system. Artif Organs 1998;22:596–600.
  1457. Pearson FC, Weary ME, Sargent HE, et al. Comparison of several control standard endotoxins to the National Reference Standard Endotoxin — an HIMA collaborative study. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985;50:91–3.
  1458. (Appendix; 1) Arnow PM, Weil D, Para MF. Prevalence of significance of Legionella pneumophila contamination of residential hot-tap water systems. J Infect Dis 1985;152:145–51.
  1459. (Appendix; 2) Shelton BG, Morris GK, Gorman GW. Reducing risks associated with Legionella bacteria in building water systems. In: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, Dufour AP, eds. Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1993;279– 81.
  1460. (Appendix; 3) Joly JR. Monitoring for the presence of Legionella: where, when, and how? In: Barbaree JM, Breiman RF, Dufour AP, eds. Legionella: current status and emerging perspectives. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1993;211–6.
  1461. (Appendix; 7) Brenner DJ, Feeley JC, Weaver RE. Family VII. Legionellaceae. In: Krieg NR, Holt JG, eds. Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology, volume 1. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1984;279–88.
  1462. (Appendix; 8) Katz SM, Hammel JM. The effect of drying, heat, and pH on the survival of Legionella pneumophila. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1987;17:150–6.
  1463. (Box 2) Alary MA, Joly JR. Comparison of culture methods and an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of Legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water devices. Curr Microbiol 1992;25:19–25.
  1464. (Box 2) Vickers RM, Stout JE, Yu VL. Failure of a diagnostic monoclonal immunofluorescent reagent to detect Legionella pneumophila in environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990;56:2912–4.
  1465. (Box 2) Flournoy DJ, Belobraydic KA, Silberg SL, Lawrence CH, Guthrie PJ. False postive Legionella pneumophila direct immunofluorscence monoclonal antibody test caused by Bacillus cereus spores. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;9:123–5.
  1466. (Box 2) Bej AK, Majbubani MH, Atlas RM. Detection of viable Legionella pneumophila in water by polymerase chain reaction and gene probe methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991;57:597–600.
  1467. Schulze-Röbbecke R, Jung KD, Pullman H, Hundgeburth J. Control of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital hot water system. Zbl Hyg 1990;190:84–100.
  1468. Colbourne JS, Pratt DJ, Smith MG, Fisher-Hoch SP, Harper D. Water fittings as sources of Legionella pneumophila in a hospital plumbing system. Lancet 1984;1:210–3.
  1469. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National interim primary drinking water regulations: control of trihalomethanes in drinking water: final rules. Federal Register 1979;44:68624–705.
  1470. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National interim primary drinking water regulations: Trihalomethanes. Federal Register 1983;48:8406–14.

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