Issue 3 January 12, 2015
Each Tuesday, to enhance awareness of emerging scientific knowledge, selected science clips will be posted here for the public health community. The focus is applied public health research and prevention science that has the capacity to improve health now.
The report consists of these components:
- Key scientific articles in featured topic areas (this week featuring articles in conjunction with the January CDC Public Health Grand Rounds, Understanding the Causes of Major Birth Defects: Steps to Prevention)
- CDC-authored publications
- Key Scientific Articles in Featured Topic Areas
Subject matter experts decide what topic to feature, and articles are selected from the last 3 to 6 months of published literature. Key topic coincides monthly with other CDC products (e.g. Vital Signs).- Maternal and Child Health - Birth Defects
- Risks and safety of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: birth defects, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants
Chambers CD, Johnson D, Xu R, Luo Y, Louik C, Mitchell AA, Schatz M, Jones KL.
Vaccine. 2013 Oct 17;31(44):5026-32. - Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, Berry RJ, Hobbs CA, Hu DJ.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Nov;163(11):978-85. - Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls
Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S.
Hum Reprod Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):589-604. - Prevention of orofacial clefts caused by smoking: implications of the Surgeon General's report
Honein MA, Devine O, Grosse SD, Reefhuis J.
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2014 Nov;100(11):822-5. - Modeling the potential public health impact of prepregnancy obesity on adverse fetal and infant outcomes
Honein MA, Devine O, Sharma AJ, Rasmussen SA, Park S, Kucik JE, Boyle C.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Jun;21(6):1276-83. - Prevalence and correlates of gastroschisis in 15 states, 1995 to 2005
Kirby RS, Marshall J, Tanner JP, Salemi JL, Feldkamp ML, Marengo L, Meyer RE, et al .
Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;122(2 Pt 1):275-81. - Risks and safety of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: exposure prevalence, preterm delivery, and specific birth defects
Louik C, Ahrens K, Kerr S, Pyo J, Chambers C, Jones KL, Schatz M, Mitchell AA.
Vaccine. 2013 Oct 17;31(44):5033-40. - Medication use during pregnancy, with particular focus on prescription drugs: 1976-2008
Mitchell AA, Gilboa SM, Werler MM, Kelley KE, Louik C, Hernandez-Diaz S.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jul;205(1):51.e1-8. - Diabetes and congenital heart defects: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modeling project
Simeone RM, Devine OJ, Marcinkevage JA, Gilboa SM, Razzaghi H, Bardenheier BH, Sharma AJ, Honein MA.
Am J Prev Med. 2014 Oct 6. - Medications in the first trimester of pregnancy: most common exposures and critical gaps in understanding fetal risk
Thorpe PG, Gilboa SM, Hernandez-Diaz S, Lind J, Cragan JD, Briggs G, Kweder S, et al .
Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013 Sep;22(9):1013-8. - Challenges in studying modifiable risk factors for birth defects
Tinker SC, Gilboa S, Reefhuis J, Jenkins MM, Schaeffer M, Moore CA.
Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2014 12/06:1-8. - The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Yoon PW, Rasmussen SA, Lynberg MC, Moore CA, Anderka M, Carmichael SL, Costa P, et al .
Public Health Rep. 2001 ;116 Suppl 1:32-40.
- Risks and safety of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in pregnancy: birth defects, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants
- Maternal and Child Health - Birth Defects
- CDC Authored Publications
The names of CDC authors are indicated in bold text.
Articles published in the past 6-8 weeks authored by CDC or ATSDR staff.- Chronic Diseases and Conditions
- The role of lifestyle change for prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes
Staimez LR, Weber MB, Gregg EW.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014 Dec;16(12):460. - Body image dissatisfaction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Saha S, Zhao Y, Shah SA, Esposti SD, Lidofsky S, Bright R, Law M, Moniz H, Samad Z, Merrick M, Sands BE.
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Jan 7. - Identifying and addressing the needs of adolescents and young adults with cancer: summary of an Institute of Medicine workshop
Nass SJ, Beaupin LK, Demark-Wahnefried W, Fasciano K, Ganz PA, Hayes-Lattin B, Hudson MM, Nevidjon B, Oeffinger KC, Rechis R, Richardson LC, Seibel NL, Smith AW.
Oncologist. 2015 Jan 7.
- The role of lifestyle change for prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes
- Communicable Diseases
- Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation in a nationally representative sample of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States
Adedinsewo DA, Wei SC, Robertson M, Rose C, Johnson CH, Dombrowski J, Skarbinski J.
AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014 Dec;28(12):613-21. - The role of social support among people living with HIV in rural Mozambique
Cummings B, Gutin SA, Jaiantilal P, Correia D, Malimane I, Rose CD.
AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014 Nov;28(11):602-12. - Shame, guilt, and stress: community perceptions of barriers to engaging in prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) programs in Western Kenya
Kohler PK, Ondenge K, Mills LA, Okanda J, Kinuthia J, Olilo G, Odhiambo F, Laserson KF, Zierler B, Voss J, John-Stewart G.
AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014 Dec;28(12):643-51. - HIV testing among adults with mental illness in the United States
Yehia BR, Cui W, Thompson WW, Zack MM, McKnight-Eily L, DiNenno E, Rose CE, Blank MB.
AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014 Dec;28(12):628-34. - Gender role discrepancy stress, high-risk sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted disease
Reidy DE, Brookmeyer KA, Gentile B, Berke DS, Zeichner A.
Arch Sex Behav. 2015 Jan 7. - Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among HIV-negative and unknown HIV status men who have sex with men, 20 US cities
Hess KL, Chavez PR, Kanny D, DiNenno E, Lansky A, Paz-Bailey G.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Dec 23. - Clinic-wide intervention lowers financial risk and improves revenue to HIV clinics through fewer missed primary care visits
Gardner LI, Marks G, Wilson TE, Giordano TP, Sullivan M, Raper JL, Rodriguez AE, Keruly J, Malitz F.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Dec 31. - Risk factors for HIV infection among circumcised men in Uganda: a case-control study
Ediau M, Matovu JK, Byaruhanga R, Tumwesigye NM, Wanyenze RK.
J Int AIDS Soc. 2015 ;18(1):19312. - Pregnancy and severe influenza infection in the 2013-2014 influenza season
Louie JK, Salibay CJ, Kang M, Glenn-Finer RE, Murray EL, Jamieson DJ.
Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):184-92. - Environmental drivers of the spatiotemporal dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus in the United States
Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Alonso WJ, Wilcox T, Metcalf CJ, Steiner CA, Haynes AK, Grenfell BT.
PLoS Pathog. 2015 Jan;11(1):e1004591. - Rollout of Xpert MTB/RIF in northwest Cambodia for the diagnosis of tuberculosis among PLHA
Auld SC, Moore BK, Killam WP, Eng B, Nong K, Pevzner EC, Eam KK, Eang MT, Warren D, Whitehead SJ.
Public Health Action. 2014 Dec;4(4):216-221. - Patient attrition from the HIV antiretroviral therapy program at two hospitals in Haiti
Puttkammer NH, Zeliadt SB, Baseman JG, Destine R, Domercant JW, Coq NR, Raphael NA, Sherr K, Tegger M, Yuhas K, Barnhart S.
Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2014 Oct;36(4):238-47. - Immune memory to Sudan virus: comparison between two separate disease outbreaks
Sobarzo A, Eskira Y, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Stonier SW, Ochayon DE, Fedida-Metula S, Balinandi S, Kislev Y, Tali N, Lewis EC, Lutwama JJ, Dye JM, Yavelsky V, Lobel L.
Viruses. 2015 ;7(1):37-51.
- Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation in a nationally representative sample of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States
- Community Health Services
- Exploring better links between clinics and communities to improve population health
Briss PA.
Prev Chronic Dis. 2015 ;12:E03.
- Exploring better links between clinics and communities to improve population health
- Disaster Control and Emergency Services
- Assessment of emergency responders after a vinyl chloride release from a train derailment - New Jersey, 2012
Brinker K, Lumia M, Markiewicz KV, Duncan MA, Dowell C, Rey A, Wilken J, Shumate A, Taylor J, Funk R.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jan 9;63(53):1233-7.
- Assessment of emergency responders after a vinyl chloride release from a train derailment - New Jersey, 2012
- Epidemiology and Surveillance
- Notifiable disease reporting among public sector physicians in Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey to evaluate possible barriers and identify best sources of information
Lafond KE, Dalhatu I, Shinde V, Ekanem EE, Ahmed S, Peebles P, Kudumu M, Bynum M, Salami K, Okeibunor J, Schwingl P, Mounts A, Nasidi A, Gross D.
BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 Nov 13;14(1):568. - Daily insufficient sleep and active duty status
Chapman DP, Liu Y, McKnight-Eily LR, Croft JB, Holt JB, Balkin TJ, Giles WH.
Mil Med. 2015 Jan;180(1):68-76. - How is national recipient hemovigilance conducted in the United States?
Chung K, Harvey A, Basavaraju SV, Kuehnert MJ.
Transfusion. 2015 Jan 7.
- Notifiable disease reporting among public sector physicians in Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey to evaluate possible barriers and identify best sources of information
- Genetics and Genomics
- Mosquito genomics. Highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes
Neafsey DE, Waterhouse RM, Abai MR, Aganezov SS, Alekseyev MA, Allen JE, Amon J, Arca B, Arensburger P, Artemov G, Assour LA, Basseri H, Berlin A, Birren BW, Blandin SA, Brockman AI, Burkot TR, Burt A, Chan CS, Chauve C, Chiu JC, Christensen M, Costantini C, Davidson VL, Deligianni E, Dottorini T, Dritsou V, Gabriel SB, Guelbeogo WM, Hall AB, Han MV, Hlaing T, Hughes DS, Jenkins AM, Jiang X, Jungreis I, Kakani EG, Kamali M, Kemppainen P, Kennedy RC, Kirmitzoglou IK, Koekemoer LL, Laban N, Langridge N, Lawniczak MK, Lirakis M, Lobo NF, Lowy E, MacCallum RM, Mao C, Maslen G, Mbogo C, McCarthy J, Michel K, Mitchell SN, Moore W, Murphy KA, Naumenko AN, Nolan T, Novoa EM, O'Loughlin S, Oringanje C, Oshaghi MA, Pakpour N, Papathanos PA, Peery AN, Povelones M, Prakash A, Price DP, Rajaraman A, Reimer LJ, Rinker DC, Rokas A, Russell TL, Sagnon N, Sharakhova MV, Shea T, Simao FA, Simard F, Slotman MA, Somboon P, Stegniy V, Struchiner CJ, Thomas GW, Tojo M, Topalis P, Tubio JM, Unger MF, Vontas J, Walton C, Wilding CS, Willis JH, Wu YC, Yan G, Zdobnov EM, Zhou X, Catteruccia F, Christophides GK, Collins FH, Cornman RS, Crisanti A, Donnelly MJ, Emrich SJ, Fontaine MC, Gelbart W, Hahn MW, Hansen IA, Howell PI, Kafatos FC, Kellis M, Lawson D, Louis C, Luckhart S, Muskavitch MA, Ribeiro JM, Riehle MA, Sharakhov IV, Tu Z, Zwiebel LJ, Besansky NJ.
Science. 2015 Jan 2;347(6217):1258522.
- Mosquito genomics. Highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 Anopheles mosquitoes
- Healthcare Economics
- Preventable health and cost burden of adverse birth outcomes associated with pregestational diabetes in the United States
Peterson C, Grosse SD, Li R, Sharma AJ, Razzaghi H, Herman WH, Gilboa SM.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;212(1):74.e1-9.
- Preventable health and cost burden of adverse birth outcomes associated with pregestational diabetes in the United States
- Immunity and Immunization
- Influenza vaccination coverage and effectiveness in young children in Thailand, 2011-2013
Kittikraisak W, Suntarattiwong P, Levy J, Fernandez S, Dawood FS, Olsen SJ, Chotpitayasunondh T.
Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2015 Jan 5. - Development and evaluation of multiplexed immunoassay for detection of antibodies to HPV vaccine types
Panicker G, Rajbhandari I, Gurbaxani BM, Querec TD, Unger ER.
J Immunol Methods. 2014 Dec 29. - Changes in the population structure of invasive Neisseria meningitidis in the United States after quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine licensure
Wang X, Shutt KA, Vuong JT, Cohn A, MacNeil J, Schmink S, Plikaytis B, Messonnier NE, Harrison LH, Clark TA, Mayer LW.
J Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 2. - Safety of measles-containing vaccines in 1-year-old children
Klein NP, Lewis E, Fireman B, Hambidge SJ, Naleway A, Nelson JC, Belongia EA, Yih WK, Nordin JD, Hechter RC, Weintraub E, Baxter R.
Pediatrics. 2015 Jan 5.
- Influenza vaccination coverage and effectiveness in young children in Thailand, 2011-2013
- Injury and Violence
- Suicide prevention: state of the art review
Stone DM, Crosby AE.
Am J Lifestyle Med. 2014 ;8(6):404-420. - Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: a meta-analysis
Holt MK, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Polanin JR, Holland KM, DeGue S, Matjasko JL, Wolfe M, Reid G.
Pediatrics. 2015 Jan 5.
- Suicide prevention: state of the art review
- Laboratory Sciences
- Detection of influenza virus infection using two PCR methods
Zimmerman RK, Rinaldo CR, Nowalk MP, Balasubramani GK, Thompson MG, Bullotta A, Susick M, Wisniewski S.
Adv Virol. 2014 ;2014. - Laboratory system strengthening and quality improvement in Ethiopia
Hiwotu TM, Ayana G, Mulugeta A, Kassa GB, Kebede Y, Fonjungo PF, Tibesso G, Desale A, Kassa W, Mekonnen T, Yao K, Luman ET, Kebede A, Linde MK.
Afr J Lab Med. 2014 ;3(2). - Innovative strategies for a successful SLMTA country programme: the Rwanda story
Nzabahimana I, Sebasirimu S, Gatabazi JB, Ruzindana E, Kayobotsi C, Linde MK, Mazarati JB, Ntagwabira E, Serumondo J, Dahourou GA, Gatei W, Muvunyi CM.
Afr J Lab Med. 2014 ;3(2). - Current and emerging Legionella diagnostics for laboratory and outbreak investigations
Mercante JW, Winchell JM.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jan;28(1):95-133. - Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay
Shinnick TM, Starks AM, Alexander HL, Castro KG.
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015 Jan;15(1):9-22. - The feasibility of rabies virus-vectored immunocontraception in a mouse model
Wu XF, Smith TG, Franka R, Wang M, Carson WC, Rupprecht CE.
Trials Vaccinol. 2014 ;3:11-18.
- Detection of influenza virus infection using two PCR methods
- Maternal and Child Health
- Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010
Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Syverson C, Seed K, Bruce FC, Callaghan WM.
Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):5-12. - Hypertensive disorders and pregnancy-related stroke: frequency, trends, risk factors, and outcomes
Leffert LR, Clancy CR, Bateman BT, Bryant AS, Kuklina EV.
Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):124-31.
- Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 2006-2010
- Occupational Safety and Health
- Hospital respiratory protection practices in 6 U.S. states: a public health evaluation study
Peterson K, Novak D, Stradtman L, Wilson D, Couzens L.
Am J Infect Control. 2015 Jan 1;43(1):63-71. - Effects of varying case definition on carpal tunnel syndrome prevalence estimates in a pooled cohort
Thiese MS, Gerr F, Hegmann KT, Harris-Adamson C, Dale AM, Evanoff B, Eisen EA, Kapellusch J, Garg A, Burt S, Bao S, Silverstein B, Merlino L, Rempel D.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Dec;95(12):2320-6. - Stimulus and transducer effects on threshold
Flamme GA, Geda K, McGregor KD, Wyllys K, Deiters KK, Murphy WJ, Stephenson MR.
Int J Audiol. 2014 Dec 30:1-11. - Isocyanates and human health: multistakeholder information needs and research priorities
Lockey JE, Redlich CA, Streicher R, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Hakkinen PB, Ellison GL, Harber P, Utell M, Holland J, Comai A, White M.
J Occup Environ Med. 2015 Jan;57(1):44-51. - Personal and workplace factors and median nerve function in a pooled study of 2396 US workers
Rempel D, Gerr F, Harris-Adamson C, Hegmann KT, Thiese MS, Kapellusch J, Garg A, Burt S, Bao S, Silverstein B, Merlino L, Dale AM, Evanoff B.
J Occup Environ Med. 2015 Jan;57(1):98-104. - Hazardous drugs: the silent stalker of healthcare workers?
Lucas M, Connor TH.
Synergist. 2015 Jan;26(1):22-26.
- Hospital respiratory protection practices in 6 U.S. states: a public health evaluation study
- Occupational Safety and Health - Mining
- Debilitating lung disease among surface coal miners with no underground mining tenure
Halldin CN, Reed WR, Joy GJ, Colinet JF, Rider JP, Petsonk EL, Abraham JL, Wolfe AL, Storey E, Laney AS.
J Occup Environ Med. 2015 Jan;57(1):62-7.
- Debilitating lung disease among surface coal miners with no underground mining tenure
- Parasitic Diseases
- Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase-A581G mutation reduces effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine preventive therapy in Malawian pregnant women
Gutman J, Kalilani L, Taylor S, Zhou Z, Wiegand RE, Thwai KL, Mwandama D, Khairallah C, Madanitsa M, Chaluluka E, Dzinjalamala F, Ali D, Mathanga DP, Skarbinski J, Shi YP, Meshnick S, Ter Kuile FO.
J Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 6.
- Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteroate synthetase-A581G mutation reduces effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine preventive therapy in Malawian pregnant women
- Physical Activity
- Mediation of effects of a theory-based behavioral intervention on self-reported physical activity in South African men
Jemmott JB, Stephens A, O'Leary A, Jemmott LS, Teitelman A, Ngwane Z, Mtose X.
Prev Med. 2015 Jan 4. - Inadequate physical activity and health care expenditures in the United States
Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Pratt M, Yang Z, Adams EK.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015 Jan-Feb;57(4):315-23.
- Mediation of effects of a theory-based behavioral intervention on self-reported physical activity in South African men
- Public Health Leadership and Management
- Training public health advisors
Meyer PA, Brusuelas KM, Baden DJ, Duncan HL.
J Public Health Manag Pract. 2015 Jan 6.
- Training public health advisors
- Reproductive Health
- Safety of assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2000-2011
Kawwass JF, Kissin DM, Kulkarni AD, Creanga AA, Session DR, Callaghan WM, Jamieson DJ.
JAMA. 2015 Jan 6;313(1):88-90. - Trends and correlates of monozygotic twinning after single embryo transfer
Kanter JR, Boulet SL, Kawwass JF, Jamieson DJ, Kissin DM.
Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):111-7. - Risk of ectopic pregnancy associated with assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2001-2011
Perkins KM, Boulet SL, Kissin DM, Jamieson DJ.
Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;125(1):70-8.
- Safety of assisted reproductive technology in the United States, 2000-2011
- Statistics as Topic
- A Bayesian method for analyzing combinations of continuous, ordinal, and nominal categorical data with missing values
Zhang X, Boscardin WJ, Belin TR, Wan X, He Y, Zhang K.
J Multivar Anal. 2015 ;135:43-58.
- A Bayesian method for analyzing combinations of continuous, ordinal, and nominal categorical data with missing values
- Substance Use and Abuse
- Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011-2012
Wei B, Blount BC, Xia B, Wang L.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2015 Jan 7. - Changes in quitline caller characteristics during a national tobacco education campaign
Zhang L, Vickerman K, Malarcher A, Carpenter K.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Jan 5. - Smoke-free multiunit housing: a review of the scientific literature
Snyder K, Vick JH, King BA.
Tob Control. 2015 Jan 7.
- Assessing exposure to tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK using its urinary metabolite NNAL measured in US population: 2011-2012
- Zoonoses
- Co-infection of Rickettsia rickettsii and Streptococcus pyogenes: is fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever underdiagnosed?
Raczniak GA, Kato C, Chung IH, Austin A, McQuiston JH, Weis E, Levy C, Carvalho MD, Mitchell A, Bjork A, Regan JJ.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Dec 3;91(6):1154-5. - Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella strains in rodents from northwestern Mexico
Rubio AV, Avila-Flores R, Osikowicz LM, Bai Y, Suzan G, Kosoy MY.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2014 Dec;14(12):838-45.
- Co-infection of Rickettsia rickettsii and Streptococcus pyogenes: is fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever underdiagnosed?
- Chronic Diseases and Conditions
CDC Science Clips Production Staff
- John Iskander, MD MPH, Editor
- Jane Gidudu, MD, MPH, Acting Editor
- Gail Bang, MLIS, Librarian
- William (Bill) Thomas, MLIS, Librarian
- Victoria Burchfield, MLIS, Librarian
- Kathleen Connick, MSLS, Librarian
- Jarvis Sims, MIT, MLIS, Librarian
- Mathieu Mazarin, BA, Web Developer/Designer
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DISCLAIMER: Articles listed in the CDC Science Clips are selected by the Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library to provide current awareness of the public health literature. An article's inclusion does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. CDC and DHHS assume no responsibility for the factual accuracy of the items presented. The selection, omission, or content of items does not imply any endorsement or other position taken by CDC or DHHS. Opinion, findings and conclusions expressed by the original authors of items included in the Clips, or persons quoted therein, are strictly their own and are in no way meant to represent the opinion or views of CDC or DHHS. References to publications, news sources, and non-CDC Websites are provided solely for informational purposes and do not imply endorsement by CDC or DHHS.
- Page last reviewed: April 1, 2015
- Page last updated: April 1, 2015
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