Issue 40, October 6, 2015
CDC Science Clips: Volume 7, Issue 40, October 6, 2015
Each Tuesday, to enhance awareness of emerging scientific knowledge, selected science clips will be posted here for the public health community. The focus is applied public health research and prevention science that has the capacity to improve health now.
This week, Science Clips is pleased to collaborate with CDC Vital Signs by featuring scientific articles from October 2015 Vital Signs (www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns). Those articles marked with an asterisk are general review articles which may be of particular interest to clinicians and public health professionals seeking background information in this area.
The report consists of these components:
- Key scientific articles in featured topic areas (this week featuring articles on Hospital Support for Breastfeeding in conjunction with the October CDC Vital Signs)
- CDC-authored publications
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CDC Vital Signs
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Maternal and Child Health - Breastfeeding
- *The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding
US Department of Health and Human Services .
Washington, DC: DHHS, Office of the Surgeon General. 2011 .
- *Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries
Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J.
Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Apr(153):1-186.
- The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis
Bartick M, Reinhold A.
Pediatrics. 2010 May;125(5):e1048-56.
- Cost analysis of maternal disease associated with suboptimal breastfeeding
Bartick MC, Stuebe AM, Schwarz EB, Luongo C, Reinhold AG, Foster EM.
Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;122(1):111-9.
- Effect of maternity-care practices on breastfeeding
DiGirolamo AM, Grummer-Strawn LM, Fein SB.
Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122 Suppl 2:S43-9.
- Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis
Hauck FR, Thompson JM, Tanabe KO, Moon RY, Vennemann MM.
Pediatrics. 2011 Jul;128(1):103-10.
- Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus
Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, Collet JP, et al .
JAMA. 2001 Jan 24-31;285(4):413-20.
- Baby-Friendly hospital practices and meeting exclusive breastfeeding intention
Perrine CG, Scanlon KS, Li R, Odom E, Grummer-Strawn LM.
Pediatrics. 2012 Jul;130(1):54-60.
- Duration of lactation and risk factors for maternal cardiovascular disease
Schwarz EB, Ray RM, Stuebe AM, Allison MA, Ness RB, Freiberg MS, Cauley JA.
Obstet Gynecol. 2009 May;113(5):974-82.
- Evidence for the ten steps to successful breastfeeding
World Health Organization .
Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/64877. 1998 .
- *The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding
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CDC Authored Publications
The names of CDC authors are indicated in bold text.
Articles published in the past 6-8 weeks authored by CDC or ATSDR staff.-
Chronic Diseases and Conditions
- The association between cardiovascular health and health-related quality of life and health status measures among U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2001-2010
Allen NB, Badon S, Greenlund KJ, Huffman M, Hong Y, Lloyd-Jones DM.
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015 ;13(1):152.
- TNF receptors predict hip fracture risk in the WHI study and fatty acid intake does not modify this association
Ing SW, Orchard TS, Lu B, LaMonte MJ, Barbour KE, Cauley JA, Jackson RD.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Sep;100(9):3380-7.
- Tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 are associated with early glomerular lesions in type 2 diabetes
Pavkov ME, Weil EJ, Fufaa GD, Nelson RG, Lemley KV, Knowler WC, Niewczas MA, Krolewski AS.
Kidney Int. 2015 Sep 23.
- Adults eligible for cardiovascular disease prevention counseling and participation in aerobic physical activity - United States, 2013
Omura JD, Carlson SA, Paul P, Watson KB, Loustalot F, Foltz JL, Fulton JE.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(37):1047-1051.
- The association between cardiovascular health and health-related quality of life and health status measures among U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2001-2010
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Communicable Diseases
- Prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors among long distance truck drivers in Inchope, Mozambique, 2012
Botao C, Horth RZ, Frank H, Cummings B, Inguane C, Sathane I, McFarland W, Fisher Raymond H, Young PW.
AIDS Behav. 2015 Sep 22.
- Negative life events and depression in adolescents with HIV: a stress and coping analysis
Lewis JV, Abramowitz S, Koenig LJ, Chandwani S, Orban L.
AIDS Care. 2015 Aug 27:1-10.
- Opportunistic infections and biologic therapies in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: consensus recommendations for infection reporting during clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance
Winthrop KL, Novosad SA, Baddley JW, Calabrese L, Chiller T, Polgreen P, Bartalesi F, Lipman M, Mariette X, Lortholary O, Weinblatt ME, Saag M, Smolen J.
Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Sep 22.
- Correlation between GyrA substitutions and ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Willby M, Sikes RD, Malik S, Metchock B, Posey JE.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Sep;59(9):5427-34.
- Providing logistics support to CDC-deployed staff for the Ebola response in Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone
Dopson SA, Rodriguez R, Rouse EN.
Health Promot Pract. 2015 Sep 18.
- Air and surface detection of measles virus RNA in a hospital setting
Bischoff WE, McNall RJ, Blevins MW, Turner J, Lopareva EN, Rota PA, Stehle JR.
J Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 19.
- Update: influenza activity - United States and worldwide, May 24-September 5, 2015
Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Flannery B, Fry AM, Bresee J, Wallis T, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AI, Gubareva L, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(36):1011-6.
- Clinical inquiries received by CDC regarding suspected Ebola virus disease in children - United States, July 9, 2014-January 4, 2015
Goodman AB, Meites E, Anstey EH, Fullerton KE, Jayatilleke A, Ruben W, Koumans E, Oster AM, Karwowski MP, Dziuban E, Kirkcaldy RD, Glover M, Lowe L, Peacock G, Mahon B, Griese SE.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(36):1006-10.
- Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Delaware, 2015
Walters MS, Eggers P, Albrecht V, Travis T, Lonsway D, Hovan G, Taylor D, Rasheed K, Limbago B, Kallen A.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(37):1056.
- Unreported male sex partners among men with newly diagnosed HIV infection - North Carolina, 2011-2013
Wu H, Hightow-Weidman LB, Gay CL, Zhang X, Beagle S, Hall L, Jackson T, Marmorino J, Do AN, Peters PJ.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(37):1037-1041.
- Influenza-associated disease burden in Kenya: a systematic review of literature
Emukule GO, Paget J, Velden KV, Mott JA.
PLoS One. 2015 ;10(9):e0138708.
- "If you are not circumcised, I cannot say yes": the role of women in promoting the uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision in Tanzania
Osaki H, Mshana G, Wambura M, Grund J, Neke N, Kuringe E, Plotkin M, Mahler H, Terris-Prestholt F, Weiss H, Changalucha J.
PLoS One. 2015 ;10(9):e0139009.
- Tuberculosis case notification by private practitioners in Pune, India: how well are we doing?
Yeole RD, Khillare K, Chadha VK, Lo T, Kumar AM.
Public Health Action. 2015 Sep 21;5(3):173-9.
- Implementation and evaluation of an isoniazid preventive therapy pilot program among HIV-infected patients in Vietnam, 2008-2010
Trinh TT, Han DT, Bloss E, Le TH, Vu TT, Mai AH, Nguyen NV, Nguyen LT, Dinh SN, Whitehead S.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Oct;109(10):653-9.
- Prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors among long distance truck drivers in Inchope, Mozambique, 2012
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Community Health Services
- Measles in the 21st century, a continuing preventable risk to travelers: data from the GeoSentinel Global Network
Sotir MJ, Esposito DH, Barnett ED, Leder K, Kozarsky PE, Lim PL, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Hamer DH, Kuhn S, Connor BA, Pradhan R, Caumes E.
Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 23.
- Measles in the 21st century, a continuing preventable risk to travelers: data from the GeoSentinel Global Network
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Disaster Control and Emergency Services
- Development of the Inventory Management and Tracking System (IMATS) to track the availability of public health department medical countermeasures during public health emergencies
Sahar L, Faler G, Hristov E, Hughes S, Lee L, Westnedge C, Erickson B, Nichols B.
Online J Public Health Inform. 2015 ;7(2):e212.
- Development of the Inventory Management and Tracking System (IMATS) to track the availability of public health department medical countermeasures during public health emergencies
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Disease Reservoirs and Vectors
- Eco-epidemiological study of an endemic Chagas disease region in northern Colombia reveals the importance of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), dogs and Didelphis marsupialis in Trypanosoma cruzi maintenance
Cantillo-Barraza O, Garces E, Gomez-Palacio A, Cortes LA, Pereira A, Marcet PL, Jansen AM, Triana-Chavez O.
Parasit Vectors. 2015 ;8(1):482.
- Eco-epidemiological study of an endemic Chagas disease region in northern Colombia reveals the importance of Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), dogs and Didelphis marsupialis in Trypanosoma cruzi maintenance
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Drug Safety
- Minimizing antibiotic misuse through evidence-based management of outpatient acute respiratory infections
Sanchez GV, Fleming-Dutra KE, Hicks LA. (PMC4576030)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Oct;59(10):6673.
- Minimizing antibiotic misuse through evidence-based management of outpatient acute respiratory infections
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Environmental Health
- Indoor dampness and mould health effects - ongoing questions on microbial exposures and allergic versus nonallergic mechanisms
Cox-Ganser JM.
Clin Exp Allergy. 2015 Oct;45(10):1478-82.
- The Navajo Birth Cohort Study
Hunter CM, Lewis J, Peter D, Begay MG, Ragin-Wilson A.
J Environ Health. 2015 ;78(2):42-45.
- Evaluating evidence for association of human bladder cancer with drinking-water chlorination disinfection by-products
Hrudey SE, Backer LC, Humpage AR, Krasner SW, Michaud DS, Moore LE, Singer PC, Stanford BD.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2015 Aug 26:1-29.
- Indoor dampness and mould health effects - ongoing questions on microbial exposures and allergic versus nonallergic mechanisms
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Epidemiology and Surveillance
- State and metropolitan area-based amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) surveillance
Wagner L, Rechtman L, Jordan H, Ritsick M, Sanchez M, Sorenson E, Kaye W.
Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2015 Sep 23:1-7.
- State and metropolitan area-based amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) surveillance
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Food Safety
- Laboratory, environmental, and epidemiologic investigation and regulatory enforcement actions in response to an outbreak of Salmonella bredeney infections linked to peanut butter
Viazis S, Beal JK, Monahan C, Lanier WA, Kreil KR, Melka DC, Boden WD, Dion JL, Miller ZA, Nguyen TA, Gieraltowski LB, Zink DL. (PMC4564807)
Open Forum Infect Dis. 2015 Sep;2(3):ofv114.
- Laboratory, environmental, and epidemiologic investigation and regulatory enforcement actions in response to an outbreak of Salmonella bredeney infections linked to peanut butter
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Genetics and Genomics
- Genomic epidemiology of hypervirulent serogroup W, ST-11 Neisseria meningitidis
Mustapha MM, Marsh JW, Krauland MG, Fernandez JO, de Lemos AP, Dunning Hotopp JC, Wang X, Mayer LW, Lawrence JG, Hiller NL, Harrison LH.
EBioMedicine. 2015 .
- Epidemiologic association between FUT2 secretor status and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in the United States
Payne DC, Currier RL, Staat MA, Sahni LC, Selvarangan R, Halasa NB, Englund JA, Weinberg GA, Boom JA, Szilagyi PG, Klein EJ, Chappell J, Harrison CJ, Davidson BS, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Moffatt MD, McNeal M, Wikswo M, Bowen MD, Morrow AL, Parashar UD.
JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Sep 21:1-6.
- SLUG is required for SOX9 stabilization and functions to promote cancer stem cells and metastasis in human lung carcinoma
Luanpitpong S, Li J, Manke A, Brundage K, Ellis E, McLaughlin SL, Angsutararux P, Chanthra N, Voronkova M, Chen YC, Wang L, Chanvorachote P, Pei M, Issaragrisil S, Rojanasakul Y.
Oncogene. 2015 Sep 21.
- Genomic epidemiology of hypervirulent serogroup W, ST-11 Neisseria meningitidis
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Healthcare Economics
- An economic analysis of adult hepatitis B vaccination in China
Zheng H, Wang FZ, Zhang GM, Zhou F, Cui FQ, Wu ZH, Miao N, Sun XJ, Li L, Liang XF.
Vaccine. 2015 Sep 15.
- An economic analysis of adult hepatitis B vaccination in China
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Immunity and Immunization
- Meeting the challenges of immunizing adults
Bridges CB, Hurley LP, Williams WW, Ramakrishnan A, Dean AK, Groom AV.
Am J Prev Med. 2015 Sep 14.
- Modeling the prevalence of immunodeficiency-associated long-term vaccine-derived poliovirus excretors and the potential benefits of antiviral drugs
Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Thompson KM.
BMC Infect Dis. 2015 ;15(1):379.
- Pre-vaccination rotavirus serum IgG and IgA are associated with lower immunogenicity of live-oral human rotavirus vaccine in South African infants
Moon SS, Groome MJ, Velasquez DE, Parashar UD, Jones S, Koen A, van Niekerk N, Jiang B, Madhi SA.
Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 23.
- Prevalence and persistence of varicella antibodies in reviously immunized children and youth with perinatal HIV-1 infection
Purswani MU, Karalius B, Yao TJ, Schmid DS, Burchett SK, Siberry GK, Patel K, Van Dyke RB, Yogev R.
Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 18.
- Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel - United States, 2014-15 influenza season
Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, Donahue SM, Izrael D, de Perio MA, Laney AS, Williams WW, Lindley MC, Graitcer SB, Lu PJ, Bridges CB, DiSogra C, Sokolowski J, Walker DK, Greby SM.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(36):993-9.
- Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women - United States, 2014-15 influenza season
Ding H, Black CL, Ball S, Donahue S, Fink RV, Williams WW, Kennedy ED, Bridges CB, Lu PJ, Kahn KE, Dean AK, Grohskopf LA, Ahluwalia IB, Devlin R, DiSogra C, Walker DK, Greby SM.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(36):1000-5.
- Global progress toward rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - 2000-2014
Grant GB, Reef SE, Dabbagh A, Gacic-Dobo M, Strebel PM.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(37):1052-1055.
- Meeting the challenges of immunizing adults
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Informatics
- What's past is prologue: a scoping review of recent public health and global health informatics literature
Dixon BE, Pina J, Kharrazi H, Gharghabi F, Richards J.
Online J Public Health Inform. 2015 ;7(2):e216.
- What's past is prologue: a scoping review of recent public health and global health informatics literature
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Injury and Violence
- Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood
Ports KA, Ford DC, Merrick MT.
Child Abuse Negl. 2015 Sep 16.
- Circumstances preceding homicide-suicides involving child victims: a qualitative analysis
Holland KM, Brown SV, Hall JE, Logan JE.
J Interpers Violence. 2015 Sep 17.
- Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood
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Laboratory Sciences
- Fast technology analysis enables identification of species and genotypes of latent microsporidia infections in healthy native Cameroonians
Ndzi ES, Asonganyi T, Nkinin MB, Xiao L, Didier ES, Bowers LC, Nkinin SW, Kaneshiro ES.
J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2015 Aug 25.
- Identification of newly synthesized proteins by Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces upon induction of strobilation
Debarba JA, Monteiro KM, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB, Zaha A.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Sep;9(9):e0004085.
- A multiplex PCR/LDR assay for the simultaneous identification of category A infectious pathogens: agents of viral hemorrhagic fever and variola virus
Das S, Rundell MS, Mirza AH, Pingle MR, Shigyo K, Garrison AR, Paragas J, Smith SK, Olson VA, Larone DH, Spitzer ED, Barany F, Golightly LM.
PLoS One. 2015 ;10(9):e0138484.
- Toxoplasmosis in sentinel chickens (Gallus domesticus) in New England farms: seroconversion, distribution of tissue cysts in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by bioassay in mice and cats
Dubey JP, Lehmann T, Lautner F, Kwok OC, Gamble HR.
Vet Parasitol. 2015 Sep 8.
- Fast technology analysis enables identification of species and genotypes of latent microsporidia infections in healthy native Cameroonians
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Maternal and Child Health
- Development and implementation of the first national data quality standards for population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States
Anderka M, Mai CT, Romitti PA, Copeland G, Isenburg J, Feldkamp ML, Krikov S, Rickard R, Olney RS, Canfield MA, Stanton C, Mosley B, Kirby RS.
BMC Public Health. 2015 ;15(1):925.
- Survival of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Siffel C, Riehle-Colarusso T, Oster ME, Correa A.
Pediatrics. 2015 Sep 21.
- Development and implementation of the first national data quality standards for population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States
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Nutritional Sciences
- Fruit consumption by youth in the United States
Herrick KA, Rossen LM, Nielsen SJ, Branum AM, Ogden CL.
Pediatrics. 2015 Sep 21.
- Fruit consumption by youth in the United States
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Occupational Safety and Health
- NIOSH national survey of long-haul truck drivers: injury and safety
Chen GX, Sieber WK, Lincoln JE, Birdsey J, Hitchcock EM, Nakata A, Robinson CF, Collins JW, Sweeney MH.
Accid Anal Prev. 2015 Sep 18;85:66-72.
- Isolation gowns in health care settings: laboratory studies, regulations and standards, and potential barriers of gown selection and use
Kilinc Balci FS.
Am J Infect Control. 2015 Sep 18.
- On the characterization of the generation rate and size-dependent crystalline silica content of the dust from cutting fiber cement siding
Qi C, Echt A, Gressel MG.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2015 Sep 21.
- NIOSH national survey of long-haul truck drivers: injury and safety
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Parasitic Diseases
- In vitro and molecular surveillance for antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites in western Kenya reveals sustained artemisinin sensitivity and increased chloroquine sensitivity
Lucchi NW, Komino F, Okoth SA, Goldman I, Onyona P, Wiegand RE, Juma E, Shi YP, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V, Kariuki S.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Sep 21.
- In vitro and molecular surveillance for antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites in western Kenya reveals sustained artemisinin sensitivity and increased chloroquine sensitivity
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Reproductive Health
- Improving the implementation of evidence-based clinical practices in adolescent reproductive health care services
Romero LM, Middleton D, Mueller T, Avellino L, Hallum-Montes R.
J Adolesc Health. 2015 Sep 14.
- Working with state health departments on emerging issues in maternal and child health: immediate postpartum long-acting reversible contraceptives
Kroelinger CD, Waddell LF, Goodman DA, Pliska E, Rudolph C, Ahmed E, Addison D.
J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015 Sep;24(9):693-701.
- Improving the implementation of evidence-based clinical practices in adolescent reproductive health care services
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Statistics as Topic
- A simulation study of nonparametric total deviation index as a measure of agreement based on quantile regression
Lin L, Pan Y, Hedayat AS, Barnhart HX, Haber M.
J Biopharm Stat. 2015 Sep 21.
- A simulation study of nonparametric total deviation index as a measure of agreement based on quantile regression
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Substance Use and Abuse
- Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age - United States, 2011-2013
Tan CH, Denny CH, Cheal NE, Sniezek JE, Kanny D.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 ;64(37):1042-1046.
- Tobacco and marijuana initiation among African American and white young adults
Kennedy SM, Patel RP, Cheh P, Hsia J, Rolle IV.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2015 Sep 20.
- Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age - United States, 2011-2013
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Vital Statistics
- Rapid assessment of Malawi's civil registration and vital statistics system
Nichols EK, Giles D, Kang'oma S, Mwalwanda L, Onaka A, Notzon F.
Public Health Action. 2015 Sep 21;5(3):162-4.
- Rapid assessment of Malawi's civil registration and vital statistics system
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Zoonoses
- Seroprevalence of infections with dengue, Rift Valley fever and chikungunya viruses in Kenya, 2007
Ochieng C, Ahenda P, Vittor AY, Nyoka R, Gikunju S, Wachira C, Waiboci L, Umuro M, Kim AA, Nderitu L, Juma B, Montgomery JM, Breiman RF, Fields B. (PMC4503415)
PLoS One. 2015 ;10(7):e0132645.
- Dengue viruses cluster antigenically but not as discrete serotypes
Katzelnick LC, Fonville JM, Gromowski GD, Arriaga JB, Green A, James SL, Lau L, Montoya M, Wang C, VanBlargan LA, Russell CA, Thu HM, Pierson TC, Buchy P, Aaskov JG, Munoz-Jordan JL, Vasilakis N, Gibbons RV, Tesh RB, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Durbin A, Simmons CP, Holmes EC, Harris E, Whitehead SS, Smith DJ.
Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):1338-43.
- Seroprevalence of infections with dengue, Rift Valley fever and chikungunya viruses in Kenya, 2007
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DISCLAIMER: Articles listed in the CDC Science Clips are selected by the Stephen B. Thacker CDC Library to provide current awareness of the public health literature. An article's inclusion does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. CDC and DHHS assume no responsibility for the factual accuracy of the items presented. The selection, omission, or content of items does not imply any endorsement or other position taken by CDC or DHHS. Opinion, findings and conclusions expressed by the original authors of items included in the Clips, or persons quoted therein, are strictly their own and are in no way meant to represent the opinion or views of CDC or DHHS. References to publications, news sources, and non-CDC Websites are provided solely for informational purposes and do not imply endorsement by CDC or DHHS.
- Page last reviewed: October 6, 2015
- Page last updated: October 6, 2015
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