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Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)

Ethylene, chloro-

RTECS #

KU9625000

CAS #

75-01-4

Updated

September 201

Molecular Weight

62.50

Molecular Formula

C2H3Cl

Synonyms

Chloroethene
Chloroethylene
Chlorure de vinyle (French)
Cloruro di vinile (Italian)
Ethene, chloro-
Ethylene monochloride
Monochloroethene
Monochloroethylene
RCRA waste number U043
VCM
Vinile (cloruro di) (Italian)
Vinyl C monomer
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride (ACGIH:OSHA)
Vinyl chloride monomer
Vinylchlorid (German)
Vinyle(chlorure de) (French)
Winylu chlorek (Polish)

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic AnalysisHeLa cell/human10 mmol/LTXCYAC 9,21,1978
Cytogenetic Analysisinhalation/rat150 µg/m3/14W-continuousGISAAA 43(7),111,1978
Cytogenetic Analysisinhalation/hamster12500 ppm/6HARTODN 45,1,1980
Cytogenetic Analysismultiple/hamster600 mg/kgMUREAV 53,187,1978
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster5 pph/6H (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 652,122,2008
DNA adductoral/rat18 gm/kg/2Y-continuousCBINA8 22,211,1978
DNA Damageinhalation/rat205 ppm/5HCBINA8 37,219,1981
DNA Damageinhalation/human7.15 µg/L/2H/12Y- intermittentTOLED5 178,88,2008
DNA inhibitionintravenous/rat9500 µg/kgCBINA8 17,239,1977
DNA repair/Escherichia coli100 µg/plateMUREAV 54,101,1978
gene conversion and mitotic recombination/Saccharomyes cerevisiae48 mmol/L/3HMUREAV 40,85,1976
host-mediated assaySaccharomyes cerevisiae/rat1 pph/24H-continuousMUREAV 91,381,1981
host-mediated assaySchizosaccharomyces pombe/mouse700 mg/kgMUREAV 40,85,1976
host-mediated assaySaccharomyes cerevisiae/mouse700 mg/kgTOERD9 3,131,1981
micronucleus testembryo/hamster30 pphMUREAV 203,397,1988
micronucleus testinhalation/mouse5 pph/4HMUREAV 75,191,1980
morphological transformembryo/mouse75 mg/LCALEDQ 28,85,1985
morphological transforminhalation/rat2000 ppm/14W- intermittentARTODN 47,71,1981
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslymphocyte/human7500 pptCRNGDP 18,31,1997
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsovary/hamster10 pphEVSRBT 25,91,1982
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium50 pphTOXID9 66,37,2002
mutation in microorganismslung/hamster20 pph/5H (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 67,173,1979
mutation in microorganisms/Schizosaccharomyces pombe16 mmol/L/30M (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 40,85,1976
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium2000 ppm/48H (+enzymatic activation step)BBRCA9 63,363,1975
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium1 pph (-enzymatic activation step)CBTOE2 1(3),159,1985
mutation in microorganisms/Escherichia coli10600 µmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)BCPCA6 24,2013,1975
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctioninhalation/Drosophila melanogaster1 pphMUREAV 57,307,1978
sister chromatid exchangeinhalation/hamster12500 ppm/6HARTODN 45,1,1980
specific locus testinhalation/Drosophila melanogaster48500 ppmCRNGDP 17,1083,1996
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisliver/rat2100 µmol/LCRNGDP 5,1629,1984

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/man 30 mg/m3 (5Y male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)GTPZAB 24(5),28,1980
inhalation/rat 100 ppm/6H (26W male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductEESADV 10,281,1985
inhalation/rat 500 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)TXAPA9 33,134,1975
inhalation/rat 1500 ppm/24H (1-9D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)TXCYAC 11,45,1978
inhalation/rat 500 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system		EVHPAZ 41,171,1981
inhalation/rat 250 ppm/6H (55D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)JTEHD6 3,965,1977
inhalation/mouse 30000 ppm/6H (5D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)EVHPAZ 21,71,1977
inhalation/mouse 500 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system		EVHPAZ 41,171,1981
inhalation/rabbit 500 ppm/7H (6-18D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system		EVHPAZ 41,171,1981

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/hamster lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/4H/30W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		APDCDT 3,216,1976
inhalation/human toxic concentration (other than lowest): 300 mg/m3/1W- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Blood: Tumors		GTPZAB 26(1),28,1982
inhalation/man lowest published toxic concentration: 200 ppm/14Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors		VAPHDQ 372,195,1976
inhalation/mouse toxic concentration (other than lowest): 50 ppm/47W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Liver: Tumors		JTEHD6 4,15,1978
inhalation/mouse toxic concentration (other than lowest): 50 ppm/6H/4W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		JTEHD6 7,909,1981
inhalation/mouse toxic concentration (other than lowest): 50 ppm/4H/30W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		CSHCAL 4,119,1977
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/30W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Vascular: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		ANYAA9 271,431,1976
inhalation/rat toxic concentration (other than lowest): 250 ppm/2Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Ear: Tumors

Liver: Angiosarcoma		AANLAW 56,1,1974
inhalation/rat toxic concentration (other than lowest): 5 ppm/4H/52W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		EVHPAZ 41,3,1981
inhalation/rat toxic concentration (other than lowest): 50 ppm/6H/43W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		JTEHD6 7,909,1981
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 128 mg/m3/1Y- continuousTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Liver: Angiosarcoma		VCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 77000 mg/m3/6MTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Musculoskeletal: Tumors

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors		VCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat toxic concentration (other than lowest): 50 ppm/7H/26W- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Vascular: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		TXAPA9 68,120,1983
inhalation/rat toxic concentration (other than lowest): 100 ppm/7H/26W- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		TXAPA9 68,120,1983
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/4H/52W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		EVHPAZ 41,3,1981
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10000 ppm/4H (12-18D pregnant)Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Transplacental tumorigenesis

Endocrine: Tumors		CSHCAL 4,119,1977
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/65W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors

Gastrointestinal: Tumors		APDCDT 3,216,1976
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3463 mg/kg/52W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Tumors

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors		EVHPAZ 41,3,1981
oral/rat toxic dose: 34 gm/kg/3Y- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Liver: Angiosarcoma

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors		EVHPAZ 21,1,1977
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/67W- intermittentTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Skin and Appendages: Tumors		APDCDT 3,216,1976

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 517000 mg/m3/1HBehavioral: General anestheticVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/Dog Lowest published lethal concentration: 1034000 mg/m3/4HVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/Dog lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 260000 mg/m3VCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/guinea pig Lowest published lethal concentration: 30 pph/30MBehavioral: General anestheticAIHAAP 21,394,1960
inhalation/guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 258000 mg/m3/90MBehavioral: General anestheticVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/guinea pig Lowest published lethal concentration: 1552000 mg/m3/18MVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 1320 mg/m3/7HBehavioral: HeadacheVCVGH* -,421,1990
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 16000 mg/m3/5MEar: Change in acuity

Behavioral: Headache

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting		VCVGH* -,421,1990
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) Lowest published lethal concentration: 200 ppm/18MIPSTB3 3,93,1976
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 1056000 mg/m3/15MVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 185000 mg/m3/1HVCVGH* -,420,1990
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 20 pph/30MBehavioral: General anestheticAIHAAP 21,394,1960
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 18 pph/15MBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression		HUTODJ 1,239,1982
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kgDOWCC*

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 9 gm/m3/4H/22W- intermittentCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Cardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above

Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP		GTPZAB 12(7),47,1968
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/26W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS

Blood: Other changes

Musculoskeletal: Osteoporosis		GTPZAB 16(2),24,1972
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/4H/4W- intermittentCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Musculoskeletal: Other changes		VCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 900 mg/m3/8W- continuousCardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow		VCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1100 ppm/4W- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other		TOXID9 60,158,2001
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1224 mg/m3/8W- intermittentBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Behavioral: Aggression		TOVEFN (5),17,2008
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1224 mg/m3/4H/8W- intermittentBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Behavioral: Aggression		TOVEFN -,17,2008
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1220 mg/m3/4H/8W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Changes in circulation

Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration		TOVEFN -,23,2009
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/4H/20D- intermittentCardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of aboveVCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/4H/18W- intermittentCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)VCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 300 mg/m3/4H/28W- intermittentAutonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimeticVCVGH* -,422,1990
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m3/4H/26W- intermittentCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Cardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above

Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP		GTPZAB 16(2),24,1972
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 5000 ppm/7H/52W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight		TXCYAC 13,25,1979
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 400 mg/m3/24H/14W- continuousBehavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Liver: Changes in liver weight		GISAAA 44(11),74,1979
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 28000 ppm/7H/6W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases		TXAPA9 62,1,1982
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppm/8H/92D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count		AIHAAP 24,265,1963
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/3D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight		TXCYAC 249,176,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 23400 mg/kg/13W- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weight

Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases		FCTXAV 13,633,1975

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 1 ppmDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed human carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 19,377,1979
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 19,377,1979
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review: Group 1IMEMDT 97,425,2008
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 1IMSUDL 7,373,1987
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 566,21,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 1,47,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCMTVAS 10(3),49,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCHWEAP 70(28/29),5,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCANCAR 39,1792,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 32,93,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWZHPMAT 166,113,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBNYMAM 54,413,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWABMHAM 35,585,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCBINA8 22,117,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWGTPZAB 20(4),46,1976
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWVHTODE 22,31,1980
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 41,131,1976
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 138,9,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,347,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWDIMON* 39,678,1993
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 44,1699,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,546,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,438,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 531,1,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 531,217,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 19,169,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 659,202,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTPAE7 18,69,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 544,313,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 608,136,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 180,100,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 636,36,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWIMEMDT 97,373,
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 243,180,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 22,83,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 26,33,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 727,1,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 50,68,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 286,1,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 751,49,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 49,2921,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 50,68,2009

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 200 ppm (510 mg/m3)DTLWS* 3,31,1973
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypttime-weighted average 2.5 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m3), Carcinogen, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIATRK-TMW 2 ppm (5 mg/m3);KZW 4 ppm (20 mg/m3), 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 3 ppm (7.77 mg/m3), Carcinogen, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 1 ppm (3 mg/m3), skin, carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVME 1 ppm (2.59 mg/m3), C1 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYceiling concentration 10 mg/m3, Carcinogen, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 1 ppm (2.5 mg/m3), carc, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANceiling concentration 2.5 ppm (6.5 mg/m3), 1 carc, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 1 ppm, carcinogen, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m3), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m3), carcinogen, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 1 ppm (3 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 1 ppm (2.6 mg/m3), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 5 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 30 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 5 mg/m3, Carcinogen, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 1 ppm (2.5 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m3), Skin, Carcinogen, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 2 ppm (5.2 mg/m3), carc 1, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILANDtime-weighted average 1 ppm (2.8 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 7.77 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 50 ppm (100 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 500 ppm (1300 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 3 ppm (7.8 mg/m3), OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1926.1117CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 500 ppm (13 mg/m3)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-cancer suspect agentCFRGBR 29,1910.1017,1987

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO VINYL CHLORIDE-airCarcinogen lowest feasible concentrationNIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 76445; Number of Industries 63; Total Number of Facilities 3711; Number of Occupations 59; Total Number of Employees Exposed 81314; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 28398
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 76445; Number of Industries 22; Total Number of Facilities 1459; Number of Occupations 36; Total Number of Employees Exposed 29836

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/98/101132/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster-reciprocal translocation
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Rodent dominant lethal; Mouse spot test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: S cerevisiae-homozygosis
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: In vivo cytogenetics-human lymphocyte; E coli polA with S9
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion; S pombe-forward mutation
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Vinyl chloride, 1007
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 28, 1978
NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Known to be human carcinogen
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #04

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