Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)

Formaldehyde

RTECS #

LP8925000

CAS #

50-00-0; 8005-38-7; 8006-07-3; 8013-13-6; 112068-71-0

Updated

December 2013

Molecular Weight

30.03

Molecular Formula

CH₂O

Synonyms

Aldehyd mravenci (Czech)
Aldehyde formique (French)
Aldeide formica (Italian)
BFV
Fannoform
Formaldehyd (Czech, Polish)
Formaldehyde (ACGIH:OSHA)
Formaldehyde, gas
Formalin
Formalin 40
Formalina (Italian)
Formaline (German)
Formalin-loesungen (German)
Formalith
Formic aldehyde
Formol
FYDE
Lysoform
Methaldehyde
Methanal
Methyl aldehyde
Methylene oxide
Morbicid
NCI-C02799
Oplossingen (Dutch)
Oxomethane
Oxymethylene
Paraform
RCRA waste number U122
Superlysoform

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
eye /human	4 ppm/5M		IAPWAR 4,79,1961
eye /human	1 ppm/6M rinse	mild	AIHAAP 44,463,1983
eye /rabbit	750 µg/24H	severe	85JCAE -,264,1986
eye /rabbit	750 µg	severe	AJOPAA 29,1363,1946
eye /rabbit	10 mg	severe	TXAPA9 55,501,1980
eye /rabbit	37%	severe	JTPAE7 29,187,2001
skin /human	2%/48H		JAADDB 8,157,1983
skin /human	0.01%	severe	BJDEAZ 158,734,2008
skin /human	150 µg/3D- intermittent	mild	85DKA8 -,127,1977
skin /man	1%/2D		CODEDG 58,175,2008
skin /rabbit	2 mg/24H	severe	85JCAE -,264,1986
skin /rabbit	540 mg open irritation test	mild	UCDS** 4/21/1967
skin /rabbit	50 mg/24H	moderate	TXAPA9 21,369,1972

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/non-mammalian species	40 mmol/L	CAANAT 56,712,1972
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/grasshopper	750 µmol/L	ENMUDM 8,401,1986
Cytogenetic Analysis	lymphocyte/human	10 mg/L	TSITAQ 24,1056,1982
Cytogenetic Analysis	fibroblast/human	2 mmol/L	MUREAV 119,309,1983
Cytogenetic Analysis	inhalation/rat	500 µg/m³/17W-continuous	GISAAA 53(5),75,1988
Cytogenetic Analysis	inhalation/rat	15 ppm/5D- intermittent	ENMUDM 7(Suppl 3),53,1985
Cytogenetic Analysis	oral/mouse	100 mg/kg	ENMUDM 4,317,1982
Cytogenetic Analysis	intraperitoneal/mouse	15 mg/kg	ENMUDM 5,381,1983
Cytogenetic Analysis	lung/hamster	18 mg/L	GMCRDC 27,95,1981
Cytogenetic Analysis	ovary/hamster	200 µg/L	ENMUDM 7,1,1985
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/mouse	125 µmol/L/2H	MUTAEX 17,183,2002
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/human	0.0003 µmol/L/30H	MUREAV 649,45,2008
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/human	150 µmol/L/2H	MUREAV 719,35,2011
Cytogenetic Analysis	inhalation/human	0.9 µg/L/8H/18Y- intermittent	MUREAV 698,11,2010
DNA adduct	other cell types/human	500 mg/L	MUREAV 563,13,2004
DNA adduct	lymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)	500 ppm	MOLBBJ 7,201,1973
DNA adduct	/Escherichia coli	5 ppm	MUREAV 89,95,1981
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/human	10 µmol/L	CRNGDP 17,121,1996
DNA Damage	fibroblast/human	100 µmol/L	ENMUDM 7,267,1985
DNA Damage	lung/human	100 µmol/L	SCIEAS 220,216,1983
DNA Damage	leukocyte/human	12500 nmol/L	MUREAV 468,93,2000
DNA Damage	liver/mouse	250 µmol/L	CRNGDP 15,991,1994
DNA Damage	leukocyte/mouse	125 µmol/L	JJIND8 67,217,1981
DNA Damage	ovary/hamster	1 mmol/L	MUREAV 367,143,1996
DNA Damage	liver/rat	1 mmol/L	CRNGDP 15,991,1994
DNA Damage	inhalation/rat	35 µg/m³/8W- intermittent	PRKHDK 4,101,1979
DNA Damage	oral/rat	10 µmol/kg	ENMUDM 4,317,1982
DNA Damage	other cell types/rat	500 µmol/L	ENMUDM 8(Suppl 6),11,1986
DNA Damage	other cell types/rat	200 µmol/L	TXCYAC 51,309,1988
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)	660 mmol/L	BIORAK 39,436,1974
DNA Damage	other cell types/mouse	62.5 µmol/L/2H	MUTAEX 17,183,2002
DNA Damage	leukocyte/chicken	500 ppm	CELLB5 5,45,1975
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/human	0.1 mmol/L/3H (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 540,43,2003
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/human	0.3 mmol/L/3H (+enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 540,43,2003
DNA Damage	other cell types/human	0.001 µmol/L/1H	NSAPCC 369(Suppl 1),R113,2004
DNA Damage	other cell types/human	25 µmol/L	MUTAEX 22,69,2007
DNA Damage	fibroblast/hamster	50 µmol/L	MUREAV 649,146,2008
DNA Damage	mammary gland/human	0.14 mg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 588,47,2005
DNA Damage	other cell types/rat	5 mmol/L/10M	MUREAV 634,51,2007
DNA Damage	lung/human	100 µmol/L/1H	EMMUEG 49,300,2008
DNA Damage	other cell types/human	150 µmol/L/2H	MUREAV 719,35,2011
DNA inhibition	HeLa cell/human	400 µmol/L	CRNGDP 13,2389,1992
DNA inhibition	other cell types/rat	100 µmol/L	ENMUDM 8(Suppl 6),11,1986
DNA inhibition	other cell types/human	210 µmol/L	CNREA8 45,2522,1985
DNA inhibition	/Escherichia coli	5 mmol/L	MUREAV 156,153,1985
DNA repair	/Escherichia coli	1950 µg/L	CRNGDP 2,189,1981
DNA repair	inhalation/human	0.9 µg/L/8H/18Y- intermittent	MUREAV 698,11,2010
Dominant Lethal Test	intraperitoneal/rat	625 µg/kg/5D-continuous	MUREAV 389,141,1997
Dominant Lethal Test	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	1300 ppm	MGGEAE 106,286,1970
gene conversion and mitotic recombination	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	24 mmol/L	MUREAV 33,179,1975
host-mediated assay	Escherichia coli/mouse	10 mg/kg	MUREAV 272,161,1992
micronucleus test	oral/rat	200 mg/kg/30H	MUTAEX 4,327,1989
micronucleus test	multiple/other fish	0.0074 pph/1H/5D- intermittent	MUREAV 724,22,2011
micronucleus test	lymphocyte/human	300 µmol/L/27H	MUTAEX 26,805,2011
micronucleus test	lung/human	300 µmol/L/2H	MUTAEX 26,805,2011
micronucleus test	lung/human	150 µmol/L/30H	MUTAEX 26,805,2011
micronucleus test	other cell types/human	300 µmol/L/24H	MUTAEX 22,69,2007
micronucleus test	fibroblast/hamster	3 mmol/L/15M	MUREAV 514,133,2002
micronucleus test	inhalation/human	2 ppm/15M	MUREAV 605,30,2006
micronucleus test	inhalation/human	0.1 ppm/8H	MUREAV 615,18,2007
micronucleus test	inhalation/human	0.985 mg/m³/8H/8.5Y	MUREAV 588,22,2005
micronucleus test	other cell types/human	300 µmol/L/44H	MUTAEX 22,69,2007
micronucleus test	fibroblast/hamster	100 µmol/L	MUREAV 649,146,2008
morphological transform	kidney/rat	100 µmol/L/3H	EJCODS 22,671,1986
morphological transform	embryo/hamster	125 µg/L	MUREAV 356,85,1996
morphological transform	kidney/hamster	4 mg/L	CRNGDP 4,457,1983
morphological transform	embryo/mouse	1 mg/L	ENMUDM 4,357,1982
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	lymphocyte/mouse	74 mg/L	FCTOD7 23,115,1985
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	lymphocyte/human	130 µmol/L	50RXAH 2,173,1983
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	ovary/hamster	1 mmol/L	MUREAV 367,143,1996
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	0.25 µmol/L/20M (+/-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 514,133,2002
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	8.48 µg/plate/72H (-enzymatic activation step)	MUTAEX 15,495,2000
mutation in microorganisms	/Escherichia coli	5 µg/plate/48H	MUTAEX 15,317,2000
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	5 µg/plate/48H	MUTAEX 15,317,2000
mutation in microorganisms	/Escherichia coli	2.5 mmol/L/30M	MUTAEX 22,353,2007
mutation in microorganisms	lymphocyte/mouse	25 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step)	FCTOD7 23,115,1985
mutation in microorganisms	/Neurospora crassa	10 mmol/plate (-enzymatic activation step)	CSHSAZ 16,245,1952
mutation in microorganisms	/Serratia marcescens	5 gm/L (-enzymatic activation step)	ATXKA8 28,93,1971
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	1 pph/5M-continuous (-enzymatic activation step)	MMAPAP 49,205,1973
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	10 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)	POASAD 34,114,1953
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	200 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)	APMBAY 6,45,1958
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	1000 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)	JOBAAY 63,1,1952
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	250 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)	SOGEBZ 8,412,1972
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	1 pph/15M (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 7,19,1969
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	200 µmol/L (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 62,239,1979
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	100 µmol/L (+/-enzymatic activation step)	MUTAEX 1,427,1986
mutation in microorganisms	/Escherichia coli	100 ppm/3H (-enzymatic activation step)	AMNTA4 85,119,1951
other mutation test systems	/Escherichia coli	300 µmol/L	MUREAV 203,81,1988
other mutation test systems	/Salmonella typhimurium	19 mg/L	MUREAV 192,239,1987
other mutation test systems	other cell types/non-mammalian species	40 mmol/L	CAANAT 56,712,1972
other mutation test systems	other cell types/non-mammalian species	25 mmol/L	ECREAL 95,233,1975
other mutation test systems	other cell types/human	210 µmol/L	CNREA8 45,2522,1985
other mutation test systems	other cell types/rat	100 µmol/L	ENMUDM 8(Suppl 6),11,1986
other mutation test systems	lymphocyte/human	10 mg/L	TSITAQ 24,1056,1982
phage inhibition capacity	embryo/hamster	3 µL/L	ENMUDM 6,474,1984
phage inhibition capacity	/Escherichia coli	25 µg/well	MUREAV 260,349,1991
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	/Aspergillus nidulans	20 mg/L	EVHPAZ 31,81,1979
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	multiple/non-mammalian species	700 ppm	MUREAV 201,137,1988
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	unreported route/Drosophila melanogaster	10 pph/3H-continuous	AMNTA4 90,377,1956
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	inhalation/Drosophila melanogaster	7 pph/24H	THAGA6 39,330,1969
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	250 ppm	THAGA6 39,330,1969
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	parenteral/Drosophila melanogaster	2000 ppm	ENMUDM 7,677,1985
sister chromatid exchange	lymphocyte/human	125 µmol/L	MUTAEX 1,427,1986
sister chromatid exchange	unreported route/human	0.4 ppm/15Y- intermittent	MUREAV 514,115,2002
sister chromatid exchange	lung/hamster	67 µmol/L	ARTODN 58,10,1985
sister chromatid exchange	ovary/hamster	110 µg/L	ENMUDM 7,1,1985
sister chromatid exchange	inhalation/human	0.985 mg/m³/8H/8.5Y	MUREAV 588,22,2005
sister chromatid exchange	fibroblast/hamster	100 µmol/L	MUREAV 649,146,2008
sister chromatid exchange	other cell types/human	200 µmol/L/72H	MUTAEX 22,69,2007
specific locus test	other cell types/mouse	125 µmol/L/2H	MUTAEX 17,183,2002
specific locus test	inhalation/human	0.9 µg/L/8H/18Y- intermittent	MUREAV 698,11,2010
specific locus test	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	12500 µmol/L	MUREAV 182,243,1987
specific locus test	unreported route/non-mammalian species	700 ppm	MUREAV 80,273,1981
sperm morphology	oral/rat	200 mg/kg	ARTODN 53,71,1983
sperm morphology	intraperitoneal/rat	625 µg/kg/5D-continuous	MUREAV 389,141,1997
sperm morphology	intratesticular/domestic animal	23 mg/kg	IJEBA6 11,143,1973
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	other cell types/rat	50 µmol/L	ENMUDM 8(Suppl 6),11,1986
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	oral/rat	55 mg/kg	JJCREP 79,917,1988
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	liver/rat	400 mmol/L	MUREAV 221,263,1989
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	HeLa cell/human	10 nmol/L	CNREA8 38,2621,1978

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/rat	1 mg/m³/24H (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material)	HYSAAV 34(5),266,1969
inhalation/rat	12 µg/m³/24H (15D prior to copulation/1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects	HYSAAV 33(1-3),327,1968
inhalation/rat	12 µg/m³/24h (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	HYSAAV 33(7-9),112,1968
inhalation/rat	35 µg/m³/8H (60D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive: Other effects on male	PRKHDK 4,101,1979
inhalation/rat	12 µg/m³/24H (20D prior to copulation/1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	BEXBAN 66,868,1968
inhalation/rat	500 µg/m³/4H (1-19D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	GISAAA 56(9),35,1991
inhalation/rat	40 ppm (6-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	VCVGK* -,341,1994
inhalation/rat	0.0005 gm/m³ (1-19D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TPKVAL 12,78,1971
intramuscular/mouse	259 mg/kg (11D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	ANREAK 142,479,1962
intraperitoneal/rat	80 mg/kg (10D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands	JRBED2 7,42,1987
intraperitoneal/mouse	240 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	TJADAB 28,37A,1983
intraperitoneal/mouse	240 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	TJADAB 30(1),34A,1984
intraperitoneal/mouse	160 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities	TJADAB 30(1),34A,1984
intraperitoneal/mouse	500 mg/kg (5D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	MUREAV 130,417,1984
intratesticular/rat	400 mg/kg (1D male)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)	FESTAS 24,884,1973
intratesticular/Dog	7 mg/kg (1D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	AEFTAA 6,349,1975
intratesticular/monkey	4 mg/kg (1D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	FESTAS 41,465,1984
intratesticular/domestic animal	6667 µg/kg (1D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	IJEBA6 11,143,1973
oral/rat	17.6 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	VCVGK* -,341,1994
oral/rat	176 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system	VCVGK* -,341,1994
oral/rat	10.5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system	GISAAA 6,31,1994
oral/rat	168 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system	GISAAA 54(3),89,1989
oral/rat	168 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system	GISAAA 55(3),89,1990
oral/rat	200 mg/kg (1D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	TJADAB 26(3),14A,1982
oral/rat	168 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	GISAAA 55(4),36,1990
subcutaneous/rat	46243 mg/kg (20D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	ENDOAO 28,129,1941

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 14300 ppb/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	CNREA8 43,4382,1983
inhalation/mouse	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 15 ppm/6H/104W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	EVSRBT 25,353,1982
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 15 ppm/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	CIIT** DOCKET #10992,1982
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 5600 ppb/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	CNREA8 43,4382,1983
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 14300 ppb/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	50EXAK -,111,1983
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 15 ppm/6H/78W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	CNREA8 40,3398,1980
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 14300 ppb/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	CNREA8 43,4382,1983
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 6 ppm/6H/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	EVSRBT 25,353,1982
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 15 ppm/6H/86W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	TXAPA9 81,401,1985
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 14 ppm/6H/84W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	JJIND8 68,597,1982
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration (other than lowest): 18750 µg/m³/2Y- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Olfaction: Tumors	GISAAA 48(4),60,1983
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 109 gm/kg/2Y- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Blood: Leukemia	TIHEEC 5,699,1989
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1170 mg/kg/65W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application	GANNA2 45,451,1954
subcutaneous/rat	toxic dose: 350 mg/kg/78W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Skin and Appendages: Tumors Tumorigenic: Tumors at site of application	FAONAU 50A,71,1972

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.9 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesis	TIVIEQ 3,189,1989
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXCYAC 271,100,2010
In Vitro/Non-mammalian species, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 20.48 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell counting	TIVIEQ 7,537,1993
In Vitro/Rabbit, ocular	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.008 gm/L/10M	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell Viability (cell death), unspecified assay	TIVIEQ 3,329,1989
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 80 µmol/L/6H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	NRTXDN 33,290,2012
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 80 µmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	NRTXDN 33,290,2012
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 60 µmol/L/12H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	NRTXDN 33,290,2012
inhalation/cat	lowest published toxic concentration: 140 mg/m³/1M	Behavioral: Excitement Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/cat	lowest published toxic concentration: 140 mg/m³/3M	Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/cat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/cat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 400 mg/m³/2H		85GMAT -,69,1982
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 17 mg/m³/30M	Eye: Lacrimation Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	JAMAAP 165,1908,1957
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³	Behavioral: Headache	VCVGK* -,341,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.5 ppm	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough	VCVGK* -,341,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.2 ppm	Eye: Conjunctiva irritation	VCVGK* -,341,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 mg/m³	Eye: Conjunctiva irritation Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough	VCVGK* -,345,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/6M	Eye: Conjunctiva irritation	VCVGK* -,345,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 2 ppm/40M	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	VCVGK* -,337,1984
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.75 ppm	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Eye: Conjunctiva irritation Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	TOXID9 44,87,2005
inhalation/man	lowest published toxic concentration: 300 µg/m³	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Behavioral: Aggression	GTPZAB 12(7),20,1968
inhalation/monkey	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.55 ppm/2M	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 2 ppm/6M	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	TOLED5 9,137,1981
inhalation/mouse	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 454 mg/m³/4H		CUTOEX 1,47,1993
inhalation/mouse	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 505 mg/m³/2H	Behavioral: Tetany Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema	VCVGK* -,335,1984
inhalation/mouse	Lowest published lethal concentration: 155 mg/m³/2H	Behavioral: Tetany Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema	VCVGK* -,335,1984
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 308 mg/m³/2H	Behavioral: Tetany Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema	VCVGK* -,335,1984
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 578 mg/m³/2H	Behavioral: Tetany Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema	VCVGK* -,335,1984
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 250 ppm/2H	Behavioral: Tetany Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema	VCVGK* -,335,1984
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 15 ppm	Olfaction: Tumors Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum Gastrointestinal: Decreased motility or constipation	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 2 ppm/10M	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.5 ppm/6H	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)	VCVGK* -,336,1984
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 203 mg/m³	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Excitement	GTPZAB 18(2),55,1974
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 250 ppm/4H		ENTOX* -,375,2005
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 815 ppm/0.5H		ENTOX* -,375,2005
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.005 gm/m³/4H		TPKVAL 11,143,1969
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.05 gm/m³/4H	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve Behavioral: Ataxia Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis	TPKVAL 11,143,1969
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 0.1 gm/m³/4H		TPKVAL 11,143,1969
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 15 ppm/6H	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVGK* -,338,1984
intradermal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 5.3 mg/kg	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	FITOT* 82,620,2011
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 16 mg/kg		TXAPA9 23,288,1972
intravenous/cat	lowest published lethal dose: 30 mg/kg	Blood: Other changes	APTOA6 8,275,1952
intravenous/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 70 mg/kg		IPSTB3 3,93,1976
intravenous/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 48 mg/kg		ARZNAD 5,213,1955
intravenous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 87 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,336,1984
oral/guinea pig	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 260 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,336,1984
oral/human	lowest published lethal dose: 70 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	VCVGK* -,338,1984
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 2.14 mL/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Pleural effusion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach	JTCTDW 45,72,2007
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 646 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Gastritis Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting	JJTOEX 4,261,1991
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 643 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting	JJTOEX 4,261,1991
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 42 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Excitement	NTIS** AD-A125-539
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 385 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,335,1984
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	VCVGK* -,336,1984
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	VCVGK* -,336,1984
oral/rat	lethal dose (16 percent kill): 284 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,335,1984
oral/rat	lethal dose (84 percent kill): 729 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,335,1984
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kg		FCTOD7 26,447,1988
oral/woman	lowest published lethal dose: 108 mg/kg		29ZWAE -,328,1968
oral/woman	lowest published lethal dose: 1 mL/kg	Behavioral: Coma Cardiac: Other changes Gastrointestinal: Alteration in gastric secretion	ICMED9 23,708,1997
oral/woman	lowest published toxic dose: 3.6 mL/kg	Gastrointestinal: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Metabolic acidosis Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	JTCTDW 41,665,2003
parenteral/frog	lowest published lethal dose: 800 µg/kg		IPSTB3 3,93,1976
parenteral/rabbit	lowest published toxic dose: 0.05 mg/kg	Eye: Retinal changes pigmentary deposition, retinitis, other) Eye: Hemorrhage Eye: Other eye effects	PHTOEH 89,74,2001
parenteral/rabbit	lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg	Cardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)	PHTOEH 89,74,2001
parenteral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	FATOAO 50,94,1987
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 270 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,336,1984
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 270 µL/kg		UCDS** 4/21/1967
skin/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2 mg/kg	Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXCYAC 255,100,2009
subcutaneous/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 350 mg/kg		IPSTB3 3,93,1976
subcutaneous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 mg/kg		VCVGK* -,335,1984
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	JPETAB 292,331,2000
subcutaneous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Bronchiolar constriction, including asthma	APTOA6 6,299,1950
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	JOETD7 134,251,2011
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 18.18 mg/kg	Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes	BCLPT* 105,120,2009
subcutaneous/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 240 mg/kg	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	JAMAAP 62,984,1914
subcutaneous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Bronchiolar constriction, including asthma	APTOA6 6,299,1950
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10.42 µL/kg	Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes	BPBLEO 31,1559,2008
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.009 gm/kg	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	PYTOEY 10,474,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving peripheral nerve	JCINAO 111,507,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.83 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	JPETAB 292,743,2000
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving segmental distribution	BJMRDK 34,397,2001
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving peripheral nerve Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TOXIA6 43,273,2004
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg	Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes	JPETAB 309,616,2004
subcutaneous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 0.42 gm/kg		ENTOX* -,375,2005
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3.76 mg/kg	Spinal Cord: Inflammatory changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	EJPHAZ 441,67,2002
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1.25 mg/kg	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature increase	FATOAO 45,81,1982
unreported route/man	lowest published lethal dose: 477 mg/kg		85DCAI 2,73,1970

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 1.2 mg/m³/6H/8W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 2 mg/m³/50H-continuous	Immunological Including Allergic: Hypersensitivity delayed (multiple organ involvement)	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.011 mg/m³/30D- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 14 pph/168D- intermittent	Eye: Other eye effects	VCVGK* -,341,1994
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.5 ppm/6H/4D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic concentration: 42 mg/m³/6H/2W- intermittent	Olfaction: Ulcerated nasal septum	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/man	lowest published toxic concentration: 3 pph/30D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Gastrointestinal: Tumors Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,343,1994
inhalation/monkey	lowest published toxic concentration: 7.2 mg/m³/6H/30D- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 15 ppm/6H/5D- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 40 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes Reproductive: Maternal effects: Uterus, cervix, vagina	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 50 mg/m³/1H/35W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 40 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 40 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Liver function tests impaired Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 14.3 ppm/6H/2Y- intermittent	Olfaction: Tumors	VCVGK* -,343,1994
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 80 ppb/12W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	TXCYAC 197,1,2004
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 400 ppb/12W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	TXCYAC 197,1,2004
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 2000 ppb/12W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response	TXCYAC 197,1,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 pph/4D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Blood: Changes in spleen Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXAPA9 214,35,2006
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.36 mg/m³/6H/122W- intermittent	Olfaction: Tumors	VCVGK* -,343,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 5.6 ppm/6H/2Y- intermittent	Olfaction: Tumors	VCVGK* -,343,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.005 gm/m³/19D- intermittent	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Blood: Other changes	TPKVAL 12,78,1971
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.0005 gm/m³/19D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count	TPKVAL 12,78,1971
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 pph/3D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXCYAC 256,157,2009
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 15 ppm/6H/12W- continuous	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	ETPAEK 61,297,2009
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 12.8 mg/m³/10W- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Porphyrin including bile pigments	TOVEFN (5),13,2006
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Liver function tests impaired Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 40 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Behavioral: Ataxia	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Plasma proteins not involving coagulation	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 3 mg/m³/2W- continuous	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 3 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Liver: Multiple effects Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in blood vessels or in circulation of kidney	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.035 mg/m³/98D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.012 mg/m³/98D- continuous	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.5 mg/m³/182D- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Hypersensitivity delayed (multiple organ involvement)	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 40 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVGK* -,340,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/4W- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 15 ppm/6H/24W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	ENVRAL 49,50,1989
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4 ppm/30M/13W- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	TOLED5 47,287,1989
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 99 ppm/6H/30D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	TOXID9 3,73,1983
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 3200 ppb/6H/3D- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	FAATDF 29,208,1996
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 9.6 mg/m³/22H/60D- intermittent	Eye: Conjunctiva irritation Liver: Changes in liver weight	VCVGK* -,338,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³/40D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.7 mg/m³/60D- intermittent	Liver: Other changes	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 2 mg/m³/50H-continuous	Immunological Including Allergic: Hypersensitivity delayed (multiple organ involvement)	VCVGK* -,339,1994
inhalation/woman	lowest published toxic concentration: 5 mg/m³/5Y- intermittent	Behavioral: Headache Behavioral: Irritability	VCVGK* -,342,1994
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/13D- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	TIHEEC 23,573,2007
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2730 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight	IYKEDH 24,1175,1993
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 9100 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGK* -,339,1994
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 29.68 mL/kg/8W- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	VHTODE 43,330,2001
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 198.45 mL/kg/7W- continuous	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VHTODE 43,330,2001
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 26.88 mL/kg/2W- continuous	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 13.4925 mL/kg/4W- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 20.72 mL/kg/3W- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 23.52 mL/kg/1W- continuous	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 48.44 mL/kg/2W- continuous	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 97.86 mL/kg/4W- continuous	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Oogenesis	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 29.0675 mL/kg/8W- continuous	Liver: Changes in liver weight Gastrointestinal: Other changes Reproductive: Other effects on female	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 112.14 mL/kg/8W- continuous	Cardiac: Changes in heart weight Reproductive: Other effects on female Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/quail	lowest published toxic dose: 208.18 mL/kg/8W- continuous	Cardiac: Changes in heart weight Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	HETOEA 24,415,2005
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 962.5 mg/kg/11W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in spleen	VCVGK* -,339,1994
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3500 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Gastrointestinal: Gastritis	VCVGK* -,339,1994
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/20D- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	VCVGK* -,339,1994
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3500 mg/kg/4W- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Plasma proteins not involving coagulation	FCTOD7 26,447,1988
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 60 gm/kg/2Y- continuous	Gastrointestinal: Gastritis Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	FCTOD7 27,77,1989
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 13650 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGK* -,339,1994
parenteral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 13.4 mg/kg/3D- intermittent	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	JOETD7 135,55,2011
skin/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 10 pph/3D- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response	TXCYAC 261,103,2009
skin/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/3D- intermittent	Skin: After topical application: Cutaneous sensitization (experimental)	CODEDG 45,89,2001
skin/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 56.1 mg/kg/3D- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Increased immune response	TXCYAC 117,229,1997
skin/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 112.5 mg/kg/3D- intermittent	Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation	TXCYAC 117,229,1997
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg/3D- intermittent	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	FTRPAE 75,557,2004
unreported route/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 380 mg/kg/20D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	VCVGK* -,339,1994
unreported route/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1540 mg/kg/20D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGK* -,339,1994

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-ceiling concentration 0.3 ppm (sen)	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Suspected human carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient Evidence	IMEMDT 29,345,1982
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review: Animal Sufficient Evidence	IMEMDT 62,217,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Limited Evidence	IMSUDL 7,211,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review: Human Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 62,217,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review: Group 1	IMEMDT 88,280,2006
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Group 2A	IMSUDL 7,211,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review: Group 2A	IMEMDT 62,217,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 17,349,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 566,21,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 544,179,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 34,17,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 140-141,43,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 140-141,239,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 140-141,261,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,151,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,347,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 589,111,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 612,1,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		AINCM* 7,63,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CHHSA* 9,6,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CHHSA* 10,29,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		DIMON* 46,551,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FCTOD7 44,1699,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,375,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 613,1,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 636,178,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTEHD6 6,85,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 654,114,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 659,93,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,259,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,649,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXAPA9 233,355,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXCYAC 252,40,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 681,93,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 681,150,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 636,144,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 22,161,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 22,161,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		IMEMDT 88,171,
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXAPA9 243,225,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NTAPM* -,629,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 26,33,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 26,231,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 26,51,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 678,152,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 711,13,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 728,118,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 717,46,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 728,35,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FCTOD7 49,2921,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 752,72,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 28,485,2013

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION		FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES	Supported	RBREV* -,122,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD	air-ceiling concentration 2 ppm (3 mg/m³)	DTLWS* 3,19,1973
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt	time-weighted average 2 ppm (3 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 2 ppm (2.5 mg/m³), Carcinogen, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 0.5 ppm (0.6 mg/m³);KZW 0.5 ppm (0.6 mg/m³), skin, sen, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm (0.38 mg/m³), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	ceiling concentration 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m³), carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND	time-weighted average 0.3 ppm (0.37 mg/m³), ceiling concentration 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m³), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE	VME 0.5 ppm, VLE 1 ppm, C3 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANY	MAK 0.3 ppm (0.37 mg/m³), 2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 0.6 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 0.6 mg/m³, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 0.3 ppm (0.4 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m³), sen, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN	Occupational Exposure Limit 0.1 ppm (0.12 mg/m³), 2A carc, a2 sen, s1 sen, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN	ceiling concentration 0.2 ppm (0.24 mg/m³), MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 1 ppm (1.5 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 2 ppm (3 mg/m³), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	peak 2 ppm (3 mg/m³), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	ceiling concentration 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m³), sen, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY	time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (0.6 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average short term exposure limit 0,3 ppm (0,37 mg/m³), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 0.5 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 1 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA	short term exposure limit 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN	time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (0.6 mg/m³), ceiling concentration 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m³), Carcinogen, Sen, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 0.3 ppm (0.37 mg/m³), KZG-week 0.6 ppm (0.74 mg/m³), carc 3, sen, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND	time-weighted average 3 ppm, short term exposure limit 5 ppm, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 1.5 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 5 ppm (6 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY	time-weighted average 5 ppm (6 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 2 ppm (2.5 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 2 ppm (2.5 mg/m³), OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	see Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29,1926.1148	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	ceiling concentration 5 ppm (6 mg/m³)	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	see 1910.1048	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO FORMALDEHYDE-air	8H Carcinogen time-weighted average 0.016 ppm;ceiling concentration 0.1 ppm/15M	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code M1529; Number of Industries 87; Total Number of Facilities 11309; Number of Occupations 69; Total Number of Employees Exposed 207013; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 104994
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 33640; Number of Industries 309; Total Number of Facilities 65738; Number of Occupations 193; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1329322; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 441902
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code M1529; Number of Industries 72; Total Number of Facilities 10311; Number of Occupations 67; Total Number of Employees Exposed 66921
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code 33640; Number of Industries 213; Total Number of Facilities 33243; Number of Occupations 155; Total Number of Employees Exposed 394660

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/99/166654)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: CHO gene mutation
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vitro UDS-human fibroblast
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: D melanogaster-reciprocal translocation
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: N crassa-reversion; E coli polA without S9
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion; S cerevisiae-reversion
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Aldehydes, screening, 2539
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Formaldehyde by GC, 2541; by VIS, 3500
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Formaldehyde by on dust (textile or wood), 5700
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 34, APRIL 1981
NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #52
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-102
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID205

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Page last reviewed:March 7, 2014
Page last updated:February 6, 2017
Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Education and Information Division

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