Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)
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Nicotine
RTECS #
QS5250000CAS #
54-11-5; 6912-85-2; 16760-37-5Updated
December 2013Molecular Weight
162.26Molecular Formula
C10H14N2Synonyms
(-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine(-)-Nicotine
(S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine
(S)-Nicotine
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine
3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridine
beta-Pyridyl-alpha-N-methylpyrrolidine
Black leaf
Destruxol orchid spray
Emo-nik
ENT 3,424
Flux MAAG
Fumetobac
Habitrol
L-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine
L-Nicotine
Mach-Nic
Niagara P.A. dust
Nicocide
Nicoderm CQ
Nico-dust
Nico-fume
Nicorette gum
Nicotina (Italian)
Nicotine (ACGIH:OSHA)
Nicotine alkaloid
Nikotin (German)
Nikotyna (Polish)
Ortho N-4 and N-5 dusts
Ortho N-4 dust
Ortho N-5 dust
Prostep
Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-
Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)- (9CI)
Pyridine, 3-(tetrahydro-1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)
Pyrrolidine, 1-methyl-2-(3-pyridal)-
RCRA waste number P075
Tendust
Tetrahydronicotyrine, dl-
XL all insecticide
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | ovary/hamster | 1 gm/L | CALEDQ 54,89,1990 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | mammary gland/human | 200 µmol/L/24H | EMMUEG 39,235,2002 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lymphocyte/human | 1 µmol/L/24H | MUREAV 751,34,2013 |
| DNA adduct | intraperitoneal/mouse | 18.2 µg/kg | FCTOD7 41,1045,2003 |
| DNA Damage | oral/mouse | 15 mg/kg | MUREAV 744,140,2012 |
| DNA Damage | subcutaneous/rat | 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent | TXCYAC 243,207,2008 |
| DNA Damage | other cell types/human | 0.25 mmol/L/1H | TOLED5 184,1,2009 |
| DNA inhibition | other cell types/rabbit | 1 mmol/L | TXCYAC 34,309,1985 |
| DNA inhibition | other cell types/human | 4 mmol/L | CALEDQ 33,91,1986 |
| Dominant Lethal Test | intraperitoneal/mouse | 10 mg/kg/2D- intermittent | IRLCDZ 6,461,1978 |
| micronucleus test | oral/mouse | 8 mg/kg | TXCYAC 235,112,2007 |
| micronucleus test | lymphocyte/human | 100 µmol/L/24H | MUREAV 751,34,2013 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 100 ppm (-enzymatic activation step) | RSTUDV 6,161,1976 |
| other mutation test systems | other cell types/human | 4 mmol/L | CALEDQ 33,91,1986 |
| sister chromatid exchange | ovary/hamster | 625 mg/L | CALEDQ 54,89,1990 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lymphocyte/human | 1 µmol/L/24H | MUREAV 751,34,2013 |
Reproductive Effects Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| implant/rat | 26250 µg/kg (5-23D preg/16D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | BPHAEL 10,699,1999 |
| implant/rat | 125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | ANANAU 168,109,1989 |
| implant/rat | 125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | ANANAU 172,257,1991 |
| implant/rat | 125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system | ANANAU 172,257,1991 |
| implant/rat | 7 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TOXID9 3,156,1983 |
| implant/rat | 19200 µg/kg (14-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Germ cell effects (in offspring) | TXCYAC 94,69,1994 |
| implant/rat | 175 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | TSPSA* -,267,2003 |
| implant/rat | 175 mg/kg (8-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TSPSA* -,267,2003 |
| implant/rat | 26.88 mg/kg (4-22D preg/10D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system | NETEEC 32,336,2010 |
| inhalation/rat | 8.9 ppm (14-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | NETEEC 28,210,2006 |
| intramuscular/domestic animal | 13 mg/kg (3-19W pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth | AJPEEK 9,270,1992 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 24 mg/kg (9-11D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | SCIEAS 127,877,1958 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 1 mg/kg (10D pregnant) | Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | TJADAB 27,40A,1983 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 1 mg/kg (10D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | TJADAB 27,40A,1983 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | 42500 µg/kg (6-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects | NETEEC 20,465,1998 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | 5250 µg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Skin and skin appendages Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | ACNSAX 15,148,1973 |
| intravenous/domestic animal | 200 µg/kg (16W pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system | AJOGAH 167,1624,1992 |
| intravenous/rat | 108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | TOXID9 60,373,2001 |
| intravenous/monkey | 500 µg/kg (17W pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus | AJOGAH 111,1092,1971 |
| multiple/rat | 5750 µg/kg (7-21D preg/8D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | BNEOBV 53,163,1988 |
| multiple/rat | 37 mg/kg (7-22D preg/21D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system | SAMJAF 83,195,1993 |
| oral/mouse | 16 mg/kg (7D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TJADAB 14,252,1976 |
| oral/mouse | 642 mg/kg (21D prior to copulation/1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | TXAPA9 66,30,1982 |
| oral/mouse | 16 mg/kg (7D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | SEIJBO 16,253,1976 |
| oral/mouse | 24 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Skin and skin appendages | SEIJBO 18,167,1978 |
| oral/woman | 40 µg/kg (24W pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system | BJOGAS 90,710,1983 |
| oral/rat | 59400 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | PSEBAA 116,956,1964 |
| oral/rat | 594 mg/kg (4W male/4W pre-3W after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | NETOD7 1,221,1979 |
| oral/rat | 22 mg/kg (20D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | NETEEC 9,95,1987 |
| oral/rat | 319 mg/kg (7-20D preg/35D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | BRREAP 732,257,1996 |
| oral/rat | 90 mg/kg (10-18D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | EESADV 55,152,2003 |
| parenteral/guinea pig | 408 mg/kg (1-68D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | NTOTDY 4,365,1982 |
| parenteral/guinea pig | 408 mg/kg (1-68D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | ANREAK 193,159,1979 |
| parenteral/rat | 126 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | AJOGAH 100,957,1968 |
| parenteral/rat | 126 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4) | AJOGAH 110,522,1971 |
| parenteral/rat | 60 mg/kg (1-5D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility | BIRSB5 20(Suppl 1),52A,1979 |
| parenteral/rat | 44 mg/kg (0-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system | TOXID9 66,134,2002 |
| parenteral/rat | 126 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TOXID9 78,274,2004 |
| parenteral/rat | 126 mg/kg (multigeneration) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TOXID9 78,274,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 17 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TOXID9 78,274,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 56.1 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TOXID9 78,274,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 16 mg/kg (8-15D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | ETPAEK 59,245,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 32.5 mg/kg (8-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | NETEEC 30,258,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus | JPETAB 324,331,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 168 mg/kg (4-21D preg/10D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | JPETAB 324,331,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 78 mg/kg (13D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system | FCTOD7 49,2068,2011 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 25 mg/kg (7D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | SCIEAS 127,877,1958 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 25 mg/kg (5D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) | SCIEAS 127,877,1958 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 50 mg/kg (10-11D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | KAIZAN 39,212,1964 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | 30 mg/kg (9-18D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | BRBUDU 29,363,1992 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 0.4 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 1.5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 1.5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | FATOAO 47,85,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system | FATOAO 47,85,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 0.4 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | FATOAO 47,85,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 16 mg/kg (5-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | TOXID9 72,127,2003 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | NEROEW 29,275,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 56.1 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | TOXID9 44,196,2005 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 40 mg/kg (4D preg-21D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system | TOXID9 44,335,2005 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 19 mg/kg (3-21D after birth) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system | TOXID9 44,335,2005 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 102 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | DBRRDB 102,117,1997 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 8800 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical | FATOAO 47(5),85,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 33 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) | FATOAO 47(5),85,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 40 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant) | Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral | TJADAB 23,53A,1981 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 9 mg/kg (14-22D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth | BNEOBV 35,290,1979 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 32 mg/kg (1-8D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) | ENDKAC 69,359,1977 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 22500 µg/kg (21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Maternal effects: Postpartum Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) | AJOGAH 95,515,1966 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 12 mg/kg (15-18D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | TJADAB 25(2),77A,1982 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 45 mg/kg (7-20D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic | NETEEC 21,603,1999 |
| unreported route/rat | 175 mg/kg (1D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | TERP1* -,300,2004 |
| unreported route/rat | 42 mg/kg (21D after birth) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects | FCLPH* 23(Suppl 1),15,2009 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11230 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5491 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 14055 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 6961 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Human, endothelium | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 23 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 6,493,1992 |
| In Vitro/Human, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 28 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 6,493,1992 |
| In Vitro/Human, HeLa cell | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 230 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc. | TIVIEQ 5,225,1991 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3.54 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 12.3 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.39 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11.88 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 14 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 6,493,1992 |
| In Vitro/Human, melanoma | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 20 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 6,493,1992 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 16 µmol/L/4M | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents | TXAPA9 245,191,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 500 µmol/L/60M | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase | TXAPA9 245,191,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, skin | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 22 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 6,493,1992 |
| In Vitro/jti | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/1H | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca | TXAPA9 244,344,2010 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.6 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 9.33 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/pkb | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2 µmol/L | Gastrointestinal: Relaxation (isolated tissue) | PYTOEY 18,998,2011 |
| In Vitro/Rat, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.05 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Rat, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 10.45 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 8,47,1994 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 0.54 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM) | TIVIEQ 7,111,1993 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2.3 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM) | TIVIEQ 7,111,1993 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (75 percent kill): 5.6 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM) | TIVIEQ 7,111,1993 |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg | Eye: Other eye effects Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | NEROEW 28,2184,2003 |
| inhalation/human | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 174,334,2004 |
| inhalation/man | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 196,83,2008 |
| inhalation/woman | lowest published toxic concentration: 0.02 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 196,83,2008 |
| intraarterial/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 22 µg/kg | Eye: Changes in circulation Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow | EJPHAZ 546,148,2006 |
| intracerebral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.097 mg/kg/30M | Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS | JPETAB 317,334,2006 |
| intraduodenal/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 30 mg/kg | ARZNAD 25,1037,1975 | |
| intramuscular/cat | lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/cattle | lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 7700 µg/kg | PSEBAA 29,1177,1932 | |
| intramuscular/domestic bird | lowest published lethal dose: 8 mg/kg | PHZOA9 12,238,1939 | |
| intramuscular/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/horse, donkey | lowest published lethal dose: 8800 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/horse, donkey | lowest published lethal dose: 8800 µg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/monkey | lowest published lethal dose: 6 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/monkey | lowest published toxic dose: 17.8 µg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 175,225,2004 |
| intramuscular/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 8 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/pig | Lethal dose: >14 mg/kg | Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral: Excitement Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/pigeon | lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg | Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section | JPETAB 308,73,2004 |
| intramuscular/pigeon | lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 30 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg | Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia | SCIEAS 127,1054,1958 |
| intramuscular/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg | Behavioral: Analgesia | EKFAE9 63,16,2000 |
| intraperitoneal/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg | JPETAB 50,93,1934 | |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5900 µg/kg | TXAPA9 28,227,1974 | |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold | JPETAB 308,957,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.25 mg/kg | Behavioral: Analgesia | EURNE* 14,71,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 14 mg/kg | PSEBAA 58,231,1945 | |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 14560 µg/kg | JPETAB 124,350,1958 | |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.3 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | EJPHAZ 474,227,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg | Endocrine: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | LIFSAK 70,2915,2002 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg | Endocrine: Change in LH Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia Endocrine: Other changes | PHMREP 35,181,1997 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease | FATOAO 44,40,1981 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 40 mg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | FATOAO 44,565,1981 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning | PSCHDL 171,398,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | JPETAB 323,294,2007 |
| intraspinal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.65 mg/kg | Behavioral: Analgesia | JMCMAR 44,4039,2001 |
| intraspinal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease | JMCMAR 44,4039,2001 |
| intraspinal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | JMCMAR 44,4039,2001 |
| intratracheal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 19300 µg/kg | ARDSBL 129,112,1984 | |
| intravenous/cat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1300 µg/kg | PSEBAA 35,316,1936 | |
| intravenous/Dog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5 mg/kg | JPETAB 95,506,1949 | |
| intravenous/Dog | lowest published toxic dose: 20 µg/kg | Autonomic Nervous System: Ganglion facilitant Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) | EJPHAZ 443,197,2002 |
| intravenous/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4500 µg/kg | ARZNAD 11,1011,1961 | |
| intravenous/mammal (species unspecified) | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 8 mg/kg | 30ZDA9 -,406,1971 | |
| intravenous/man | lowest published toxic dose: 0.01 mg/kg | Behavioral: Abuse Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 175,134,2004 |
| intravenous/man | lowest published toxic dose: 21.4 µg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Glycolytic | NEROEW 28,765,2003 |
| intravenous/monkey | lowest published toxic dose: 0.01 mg/kg | Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites | NEROEW 29,259,2004 |
| intravenous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.75 mg/kg | Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases | TOLED5 160,179,2006 |
| intravenous/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 2.86 mg/kg | Liver: Change in gall bladder structure or function Liver: Other changes | TOLED5 160,179,2006 |
| intravenous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 0.3 mg/kg | ENTOX* ,706,2005 | |
| intravenous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold | BJPCBM 152,151,2007 |
| intravenous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 µg/kg | Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | BJPCBM 35,161,1969 |
| intravenous/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 6250 µg/kg | PSEBAA 58,231,1945 | |
| intravenous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2800 µg/kg | NIIRDN -,916,1995 | |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) | TOXID9 72,34,2003 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 50 µg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS | NNAPBA 362,41,2000 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 100 µg/kg | Eye: Changes in circulation Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow | EJPHAZ 546,148,2006 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.03 mg/kg | Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section | PAINDB 85,443,2000 |
| oral/Dog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 9200 µg/kg | PSEBAA 29,1177,1932 | |
| oral/human | lowest published toxic dose: 0.03 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 173,49,2004 |
| oral/human | lowest published toxic dose: 85.7 µg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG | NEROEW 24,671,2001 |
| oral/human | lowest published toxic dose: 0.057 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 190,457,2007 |
| oral/man | lowest published toxic dose: 0.029 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | NEROEW 28,1366,2003 |
| oral/man | lowest published toxic dose: 0.027 mg/kg | Vascular: Structural changes in vessels | CEXPB9 36,784,2009 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg | Behavioral: Ataxia Behavioral: Irritability Cardiac: Change in rate | MUREAV 632,29,2007 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Musculoskeletal: Other changes | MUREAV 632,29,2007 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3340 µg/kg | Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | HYSAAV 34(4-6),187,1969 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg | FMCHA2 -,C219,1991 | |
| oral/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg | ARPTDI 45,247,2005 | |
| oral/wild bird | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 17800 µg/kg | AECTCV 12,355,1983 | |
| parenteral/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 5700 µg/kg | PSEBAA 29,1177,1932 | |
| parenteral/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 34 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | JPETAB 48,317,1933 |
| parenteral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg | Behavioral: Antianxiety | PSCHDL 158,205,2001 |
| rectal/human | lowest published toxic dose: 1430 µg/kg | Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting | CTOXAO 10,391,1977 |
| skin/child | lowest published toxic dose: 0.35 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 176,182,2004 |
| skin/Dog | lowest published toxic dose: 5.3 mg/kg/5M | Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section | JTCTDW 39,135,2001 |
| skin/Dog | lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/5M | Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section | JTCTDW 39,135,2001 |
| skin/human | lowest published toxic dose: 0.07 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | PSCHDL 159,83,2001 |
| skin/human | lowest published toxic dose: 0.42 mg/kg | Behavioral: Muscle weakness | NEROEW 27,684,2002 |
| skin/man | lowest published toxic dose: 0.3 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP | PSCHDL 196,189,2008 |
| skin/man | lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning | PSCHDL 199,89,2008 |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg | ENTOX* -,225,2005 | |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | AFDOAQ 16,3,1952 |
| skin/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 140 mg/kg | WRPCA2 9,119,1970 | |
| skin/woman | lowest published toxic dose: 0.28 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning | PSCHDL 199,89,2008 |
| skin/woman | lowest published toxic dose: 0.42 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP | PSCHDL 196,189,2008 |
| subcutaneous/cat | lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg | FDWU** -,-,1931 | |
| subcutaneous/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg | FDWU** -,-,1931 | |
| subcutaneous/frog | lowest published lethal dose: 6 mg/kg | FDWU** -,-,1931 | |
| subcutaneous/guinea pig | lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | JPETAB 48,95,1933 |
| subcutaneous/mammal (species unspecified) | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS | EJPHAZ 422,185,2001 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | PSCHDL 153,327,2001 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold | EJPHAZ 466,99,2003 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 16 mg/kg | AEPPAE 188,605,1938 | |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.65 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | TOXID9 44,293,2005 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg | Behavioral: Analgesia | JPETAB 315,959,2005 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 mg/kg | Behavioral: Analgesia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease | JPETAB 320,250,2007 |
| subcutaneous/pigeon | lowest published lethal dose: 4580 µg/kg | FDWU** -,-,1931 | |
| subcutaneous/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kg | FDWU** -,-,1931 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 23.5 mg/kg | HBPTO* 1,118,2001 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 125 µg/kg | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | TOXID9 72,74,2003 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg | Behavioral: Tolerance | PSCHDL 192,71,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | HETOEA 25,199,2006 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.6 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum | PSCHDL 175,114,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | PAHEAA 74,125,2000 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.8 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Analgesia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease | PAINDB 85,443,2000 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 300 µg/kg | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | TOXID9 44,293,2005 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg | Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum | EJPHAZ 494,167,2004 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 6 mg/kg | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) | JPETAB 324,331,2008 |
| unreported route/man | lowest published lethal dose: 882 µg/kg | 85DCAI 2,73,1970 | |
| unreported route/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 260 µg/kg | EPXXDW #0000106 | |
| unreported route/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 13 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold | TOSCF2 72,289,2003 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| implant/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/28D- continuous | Endocrine: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response | TXAPA9 135,268,1995 |
| intraperitoneal/hamster | lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/2W- intermittent | Vascular: Other changes | JAPYAA 86,1126,1999 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | NEROEW 29,869,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg/13D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | PSCHDL 178,500,2005 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 112 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Withdrawal Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | FCLPH* 18(Suppl 1),125,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/4W- intermittent | Vascular: Relaxation (isolated tissue) Vascular: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases | BCLPT* 99,237,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 3.5 mg/kg/17D- intermittent | Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites | NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),78,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | : 4 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | NETEEC 28,412,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg/8D- intermittent | Vascular: Structural changes in vessels Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosing alveolitis Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases | ETPAEK 55,393,2004 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | IJEBA6 13,360,1975 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Endocrine: Estrogenic | PHMREP 35,181,1997 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | EJPHAZ 474,227,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | JOETD7 60,215,1998 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/5W- intermittent | Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response | JPETAB 302,935,2002 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/2W- continuous | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | PSCHDL 157,45,2001 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/2W- continuous | Behavioral: Analgesia | PSCHDL 157,45,2001 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 48 mg/kg/8D- continuous | Behavioral: Analgesia | PSCHDL 157,45,2001 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 47.25 mg/kg/5W- continuous | Blood: Changes in spleen Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca | JPETAB 302,935,2002 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 4.2 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | TOXID9 72,124,2003 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS | TOXID9 72,124,2003 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 108 mg/kg/18D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | TOXID9 60,373,2001 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) | PSCHDL 178,183,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1120 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Withdrawal Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | PSCHDL 178,183,2005 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 5.6 gm/kg/20W- continuous | Vascular: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),19,2006 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 113.64 mg/kg/10D- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | TXAPA9 240,174,2009 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 340.9 mg/kg/30D- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | TXAPA9 240,174,2009 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/40D- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight | NYKZAU 86,35,1985 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 257.6 mg/kg/8W- continuous | Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Glycolytic | EJPHAZ 458,227,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct | JOETD7 60,215,1998 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/8W- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | NETEEC 25,329,2003 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/7D- continuous | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Fluid intake | PANCR* 5,222,1990 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 336 mg/kg/16W- continuous | Endocrine: Hypoglycemia | PANCR* 5,222,1990 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1568 mg/kg/16W- continuous | Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Endocrine: Other changes | PANCR* 5,222,1990 |
| parenteral/rabbit | lowest published toxic dose: 83.4 mg/kg/6W- intermittent | Vascular: Structural changes in vessels Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | EXMPA6 11,71,1969 |
| parenteral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 12.6 mg/kg/4W- intermittent | Behavioral: Toxic psychosis Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | PSCHDL 153,315,2001 |
| parenteral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 108 mg/kg/18D- continuous | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase | TOXID9 78,274,2004 |
| skin/human | lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/4W- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative | PSCHDL 171,465,2004 |
| skin/human | lowest published toxic dose: 4.2 mg/kg/14D- continuous | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | NEROEW 24,350,2001 |
| skin/human | lowest published toxic dose: 2.8 mg/kg/4W- intermittent | Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, allergic | MFEPDX 11,223,1989 |
| subcutaneous/guinea pig | lowest published toxic dose: 415 mg/kg/21D- continuous | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion) | TOLED5 31,23,1986 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 5.6 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Endocrine: Hypoglycemia | JPETAB 300,876,2002 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 8.4 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of exocrine pancreas Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases | JPETAB 300,876,2002 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 36.4 mg/kg/13W- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of exocrine pancreas Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | JPETAB 300,876,2002 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 22.4 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS | PSCHDL 153,327,2001 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 19.8 mg/kg/33D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | NETEEC 29,47,2007 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | : 336 mg/kg/14D- continuous | Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Tolerance | JPETAB 315,959,2005 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 8.3 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | JPETAB 317,30,2006 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 112 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Withdrawal Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other | FCLPH* 18(Suppl 1),109,2004 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 1.2 mg/kg/4D- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | JTSCDR 33,555,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 78 mg/kg/13D- continuous | Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction Endocrine: Other changes | FCTOD7 49,2068,2011 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 18 mg/kg/3D- continuous | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | JPETAB 324,331,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | FCLPH* 21,535,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg/8D- intermittent | Endocrine: Other changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) | ETPAEK 59,245,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | SIMEJ* 48,124,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes | TXCYAC 239,60,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Conditioned vitamin deficiency Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects | TXCYAC 238,90,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 2.7 mg/kg/9D- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning | NRTXDN 28,562,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 9 mg/kg/9D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | NRTXDN 28,562,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects | TXCYAC 243,317,2008 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 10.5 mg/kg/5W- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | ANBEX* 65,125,2005 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) | BJPCBM 138,1376,2003 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.75 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites | NEROEW 23,79,2000 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/30D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase | TOXID9 66,314,2002 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning | PSCHDL 168,216,2003 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 875 µg/kg/1W- intermittent | Behavioral: Tolerance Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests | TOXID9 72,74,2003 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg/4W- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) | PSCHDL 156,469,2001 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Cardiac: Other changes Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1.5 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | FATOAO 47,78,1984 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 12600 µg/kg/3W- intermittent | Cardiac: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases | TOLED5 116,61,2000 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EURNE* 12,287,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 559,11,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ADVPA3 4,263,1966 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FNSCA6 2,67,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NETEEC 24,3,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOLED5 127,207,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | LIFSAK 71,2807,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 488,151,2001 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 23,130,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 23,78,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 23,225,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 23,475,2002 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 24,41,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 24,172,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 24,493,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CLDER* 16,617,1998 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JPETAB 312,875,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUTAEX 19,251,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NRTXDN 27,525,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | JOPSEQ 20,143,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,225,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,197,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TOPADD 33,517,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ARPTDI 47,564,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 23,428,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EMCNA* 25,375,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 659,221,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ITODC* -,327,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | HUTOX* -,335,1996 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NETEEC 30,1,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | TPHSDY 29,151,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 674,62,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 636,144,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PTPAD4 116,306,2007 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | BPBLEO 3,341,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 667,142,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AGVBE* 8,155,2003 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | DERCL* 27,289,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CEXPB9 35,458,2008 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NEUCL* 23,321,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NBREV* 9,479,1985 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PHTHDT 122,125,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | PHMREP 60,361,2009 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NTAPM* -,265,1995 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 31,319,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 31,327,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NRTXDN 31,562,2010 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 717,46,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 33,269,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | REPTED 38,1,2013 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NRTXDN 33,530,2012 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 50,2049,2012 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION | FEREAC 54,7740,1989 | |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES | Supported | RBREV* -,194,1998 |
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | DTLVS* 3,181,1971 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JUL2008 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 0.07 ppm (0.5 mg/m3);KZW 0.28 ppm (2 mg/m3), skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, MAR2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, skin, MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-EC | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, skin, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 2 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, skin, 2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m3 (skin), 2004 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, skin, JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 0,5 mg/m3, JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND | MAC(time-weighted average) 0.5 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 1.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JUN2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | MAK-week 0.07 ppm (0.5 mg/m3), KZG-week 0.14 ppm (1 mg/m3), skin, JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m3, skin, OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin) | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO NICOTINE-air | 10H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (Sk) | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 | Hazard Code 50570; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 43; Number of Occupations 1; Total Number of Employees Exposed 4737; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 861 | |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code 50570; Number of Industries 3; Total Number of Facilities 83; Number of Occupations 4; Total Number of Employees Exposed 161 |
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: N crassa-aneuploidy; Histidine reversion-Ames test | |
| EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY | |
| NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Nicotine, 2544 |
- Page last reviewed:March 7, 2014
- Page last updated:February 6, 2017
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Education and Information Division