State Vaccination Requirements Selected References

General epidemiology of exemptions

• Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Hayes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical exemptions from school immunization requirements: a systematic review. AJPH. Nov 2014;104:e62-e84.

Impact of state laws on preventing disease and achieving high coverage

• Malone K, Hinman A. Vaccination mandates: the public health imperative and individual rights. [23 pages]
• Orenstein W, Hinman A. The immunization system in the United States: the role of school immunization laws. Vaccine 1999;17(Suppl 3):S19–24.

Clustering

• Lieu T et al. Geographic clusters in underimmunization and vaccine refusal. PEDIATRICS 2015;135:280-289.
• Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1389-96.
• May T, Silverman RD. "Clustering of exemption" as a collective action threat to herd immunity. Vaccine. 2003;21:1048-51.
• Wang E, Clymer J, Davis-Hayes C, Buttenheim A. Nonmedical Exemptions from school immunization requirements: A systematic review. AJPH. Nov 2014;104:e62-e84.

Association of levels of exemptions and disease

• Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA. 2000;284:3145-50.
• Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1389-96.
• Omer SB et al. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: Secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA 2006;296:1757-1763.

Ease of obtaining a medical exemption and higher medical exemption rates

• Stadlin S, Bednarczyk RA, Omer SB. Medical exemptions to school immunization requirements in the United States — association of state policies with medical exemption rates (2014-2011). JID 2012;206:989-992.

Changing the ease of exemption requirements to decrease VPDs

• Yang YT, Silverman RD. Legislative prescriptions for controlling nonmedical vaccine exemptions. JAMA Viewpoint. 2015;313:247-248.
• Gostin LO. Law, ethics, and public health in the vaccination debates. Politics of the measles outbreak. JAMA 2015;313:1099-1100.
• Stadlin S, Bednarczyk RA, Omer SB. Medical exemptions to school immunization requirements in the United States – association of state policies with medical exemption rates (2014-2011). JID 2012;206:989-992.

Other

• Opel DJ, Omer SB. Measles, mandates, and making vaccination the default option. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015;16(4):303-4.

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