Hepatitis B and the Vaccine (Shot) to Prevent It

Fact Sheet for Parents

The best way to protect against hepatitis B is by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Doctors recommend that all children get the vaccine.

Why should my child get the hepatitis B shot?

The hepatitis B shot:

Protects your child from hepatitis B, a potentially serious disease.
Protects other people from the disease because children with hepatitis B usually don’t have symptoms, but they may pass the disease to others without anyone knowing they were infected.
Prevents your child from developing liver disease and cancer from hepatitis B.
Keeps your child from missing school or child care (and keeps you from missing work to care for your sick child).

Male doctor with a stethoscope listens to a child’s heartbeat, as the mother talks to doctor.

Doctors recommend that your child get 3 doses of the hepatitis B shot for best protection. Ask your doctor when your child should get the next shot. Typically, children get one dose at each of the following ages:

Shortly after birth
1 through 2 months
6 through 18 months

Your child may get a 4th dose depending on the brand of vaccines the doctor uses.

Is the hepatitis B shot safe?

The hepatitis B vaccine is very safe, and it is effective at preventing hepatitis B. Vaccines, like any medicine, can have side effects. But serious side effects caused by the hepatitis B vaccine are extremely rare.

What are the side effects?

Most people who get the hepatitis B vaccine will have no side effects at all. When side effects do occur, they are often very mild, such a low fever (less than 101 degrees) or a sore arm from the shot.

What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. When a person is first infected with the virus, he or she can develop an “acute” (short-term) infection. Acute hepatitis B refers to the first 6 months after someone is infected with the hepatitis B virus. This infection can range from a very mild illness with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization. Some people are able to fight the infection and clear the virus.

For others, the infection remains and is “chronic,” or lifelong. Chronic hepatitis B refers to the infection when it remains active instead of getting better after 6 months. Over time, the infection can cause serious health problems, and even liver cancer.

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The Hepatitis B Vaccine Dose at Birth

It’s hard to imagine putting your newborn through the pain of a shot. But a little stick early in life is an important first step to protecting your baby against a deadly disease.

All babies should get the first shot of hepatitis B vaccine shortly after birth. This shot acts as a safety net, reducing the risk of getting the disease from moms or family members who may not know they are infected with hepatitis B.

When a mom has hepatitis B, there’s an additional medicine that can help protect the baby against hepatitis B, called the hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG). HBIG gives a baby’s body a “boost” or extra help to fight the virus as soon as he is born. This shot works best when the baby gets it within the first 12 hours of his life. The baby will also need to complete the full hepatitis B vaccination series for best protection.

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B?

Infants and young children usually show no symptoms. But, in about 7 out of 10 older children and adults, recent hepatitis B infection causes the following:

Loss of appetite (not wanting to eat)
Fever
Tiredness
Pain in muscles, joints, and stomach
Nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting
Dark urine
Yellow skin and eyes

These symptoms usually appear 3 or 4 months after a person gets the virus.

Is it serious?

Hepatitis B can be very serious. Most people with a recent hepatitis B infection may feel sick for a few weeks to several months. Some people get over the illness. For other people, the virus infection remains active in their bodies for the rest of their life.

Although people with lifelong hepatitis B usually don’t have symptoms, the virus causes liver damage over time and could lead to liver cancer. There is no cure for hepatitis B, but treatment can help prevent serious problems.

How does hepatitis B spread?

Hepatitis B virus spreads through blood or other body fluids that contain small amounts of blood from an infected person. People can spread the virus even when they have no symptoms.

Babies and children can get hepatitis B in the following ways:

At birth from their infected mother.
Being bitten by an infected person.
By touching open cuts or sores of an infected person.
Through sharing toothbrushes or other personal items used by an infected person.
From food that was chewed (for a baby) by an infected person.

The virus can live on objects for 7 days or more. Even if you don’t see any blood, there could be virus on an object.

Where can I learn more about the hepatitis B vaccine and my child?

To learn more about the hepatitis B vaccine, talk to your child’s doctor, call 1-800-CDC-INFO or visit www.cdc. gov/vaccines/parents.

For more in-depth information about hepatitis B, visit www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Academy of Pediatrics strongly recommend all children receive their vaccines according to the recommended schedule.