Lung recruitment maneuver

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Background

  • Controversial in terms of safety and efficacy
    • No mortality/morbidity outcome benefits[1]
    • May be of more benefit to extra-pulmonary ARDS than to pulmonary ARDS
  • Multiple methods reported
    • Below is only one method (Starcase Recruitment Maneuver)
    • Refer to your RT for hospital protocol
    • Proning patient is considered a recruitment maneuver
  • Indication: severe ARDS < 1 wk, before onset of fibro-proliferation[2][3]
  • Goals to recruit alveoli, maintain with PEEP at the derecruitment point, prevent cyclic collapse/VILI
  • Derecruitment of alveoli occurs due to[4]:
    • Standard low TV ventilation in ARDS
    • Insufficient PEEP
    • High FiO2 absorptive atelectasis
  • Biotrauma and cytokine release (VILI) occur due to:
    • Dependent areas of airway are collapsed throughout TVs
    • Cyclic collapse causes shear injury atelectrauma with each breath
    • Least dependent areas inflated throughout TVs are also easily hyperinflated causing volutrauma and barotrauma, especially in:
      • TVs > 6 cc/kg
      • Pplat > 30-35 cmH2O

Risks

  • May only be temporary benefit
  • Hemodynamic instability with drop off in preload
  • CO2 retention
  • May worsen oxygenation by shunting blood to poorly aerated lung (opposing physiological hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction)
  • May worsen ventilator-induced lung injury with volutrauma/barotrauma
  • Pneumothorax
  • Contraindications
    • Unstable BP
    • pneumothorax or high risk of pneumothorax (blebs, necrotising pneumonia)
    • ARDS > 1 wk (relative contraindication)

Procedure[5]

  • Goal is to find the derecruitment point

Failure

  • Before attempting, know when the maneuver should be stopped
  • Stop and return to baseline PCV settings if:
    • HR < 60 bpm
    • HR > 140 bpm
    • New dysrhythmia on monitor (may indicate significant respiratory acid-base shift)
    • SBP < 80 mmHg
    • Sustained SaO2 < 85%
    • Drop in dynamic compliance (pneumothorax)

Preparation

  • May require increased sedation or paralysis
  • Optimize preload (maneuver decreases preload)
  • Maintain a very reliable, good waveform SpO2 (that matches ABG SaO2)
  • 14 ga needles x2 in case of pneumothorax
  • Record baseline vital signss and initial ventilator settings
    • I:E to 1:1
    • Adjust FiO2 to SaO2 90-92%
    • Take note of dynamic compliance levels
    • Pressure control ventilation using current rate, PEEP, FiO2 before maneuver
      • Adjust PC level above PEEP to start at TV of 6 cc/kg for 2 minutes
      • Then set PC level (Pi) to 15 cmH2O above PEEP and maintain this difference throughout initial recruitment
      • Adjust RR to maintain appropriate minute ventilation

Increasing PEEP

  • Increase PEEP to 15 cmH2O
  • Set PC level to 15 cmH2O above PEEP
    • Maintain this difference between PEEP and PC level (Pi)
    • Increase q2 minutes PEEP to 20 → 30 → 40 cmH2O
      • Pi will reach 55 cmH2O
      • Note maximum SaO2 obtained
      • Treat SBP drops as necessary, but halt procedure if > 20% SBP drop despite pressors/fluids
    • Increase PIP as necessary
      • Maintain minute ventilation
      • Reduce RR before PIP increase since TV will increase

Reducing PEEP

  • Reduce q3 minutes PEEP to 25 → 22.5 → 20 → 17.5 cmH2O
  • Remember that SpO2 monitor displays results up to 1-2 min after clinical change
  • Until:
    • Decrease in SaO2 of 1% from maximum SaO2 observed, which is the derecruitment point
    • OR minimum of 15 cmH2O PEEP reached

Re-recruitment

  • Increase PEEP step-wise q2 minutes to 40 cmH2O again
  • Maintain PEEP at 40 cmH2O for 2 minutes
  • Return to PEEP level 2-4 cmH2O above decruitment point
  • Adjust TV 4-6 cc/kg and plateau pressures < 30 cmH2O
  • Tolerate permissive hypercapnea if pH > 7.15
  • May increase RR up to maximum of 38 bpm

Adjuncts

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Guerin C et al. Efficacy and safety of recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intensive Care. 2011; 1: 9.
  2. ↑ Habashi, NM et al. New Directions in Ventilatory Management from: Advanced Therapy in Thoracic Surgery Chapter 3. pp 24-35. Franco KL, Putnam JB. 1998.
  3. ↑ Richards G et al. Oct 2006 last updated. http://www.anaesthetist.com/icu/organs/lung/recruit/Findex.htm.
  4. ↑ Nickson C. Lung Recruitment Maneuvers. 21 Sept 2014. http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/recruitment-manoeuvres-in-ards/
  5. ↑ Medical College of Georgia. Open Lung Tool Procedure Protocol. Updated 2014.
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