Conclusion
The wide-ranging literature summarized above shares several major themes:
- There are multiple reasons for community-engaged health promotion and research.
- Community engagement must be conducted in a manner that is respectful of all partners and mindful of their need to benefit from collaboration.
- It is important to understand context (in all its complexity) as it affects health problems and the development of health solutions.
- We must recognize that community-engaged health improvement is a long-term, evolving process.
Chapter 2 covers nine principles of community engagement that are grounded in the preceding literature. Succeeding chapters develop practical applications and examples of the issues discussed in the first two chapters, specifically in the areas of planning and implementing CEnR and health promotion (Chapters 3 and 5), creating the management and organizational support necessary for community engagement (Chapter 4), using social networking for community engagement (Chapter 6), and evaluating community-engaged projects (Chapter 7).
References
Airhihenbuwa CO. Health and culture: beyond the western paradigm. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage; 1995.
Airhihenbuwa CO. On being comfortable with being uncomfortable: centering an Africanist vision in our gateway to global health. Health Education and Behavior 2007;34(1):31-42.
Alinsky SD. Citizen participation and community organization in planning and urban renewal. Chicago: Industrial Areas Foundation; 1962.
Blumenthal DS. A community coalition board creates a set of values for community-based research. Preventing Chronic Disease 2006;3(1):A16.
Blumenthal DS, DiClemente RJ (editors). Community-based health research: issues and methods. New York: Springer; 2004.
Braithwaite RL, Bianchi C, Taylor SE. Ethnographic approach to community organization and health empowerment. Health Education Quarterly 1994;21(3):407-416.
Brown P, Morello-Frosch R, Green Brody J, Gasior Altman R, Rudel RA, Senier L, et al. IRB challenges in multi-partner community-based participatory research. Research Ethics and Environmental Health; 2006. Retrieved from http://www.brown.edu/research/research-ethics/sites/brown.edu.research.research-ethics/files/uploads/IRB%20Challenges%20-%20Brown%20et%20al.pdf [PDF - 103 KB].
Brugge D, Cole A. A case study of community-based participatory research ethics: the Healthy Public Housing Initiative. Science and Engineering Ethics 2003;9(4):485-501.
Butterfoss FD. Process evaluation for community participation. Annual Review of Public Health 2006;27:323-340.
Butterfoss FD, Goodman RM, Wandersman A. Community coalitions for health promotion and disease prevention. Health Education Research 1993;8(3):315-330.
Butterfoss FD, Kegler MC. (2002). Toward a comprehensive understanding of community coalitions. In: DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC (editors). Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: strategies for improving public health (1st ed., pp. 157-193). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002.
CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement. Principles and guidelines for community-university research partnerships. New Haven (CT): Yale University; 2009.
Carpenter-Song EA, Nordquest Schwallie M, Longhofer J. Cultural competence reexamined: critique and directions for the future. Psychiatric Services 2007;58, (10):1362-1365.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of community engagement (1st ed.). Atlanta (GA): CDC/ATSDR Committee on Community Engagement; 1997.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The social-ecological model: a framework for prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/social-ecological-modelDVP.htm.
Center for Advanced Study. Improving the system for protecting human subjects: counteracting IRB “mission creep.” University of Illinois Law & Economics Research Paper No. LE06-016. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois; 2004.
Chávez V, Duran B, Baker QE, Avila MM, Wallerstein N. The dance of race and privilege in CBPR. In: Minkler M, Wallerstein N (editors). Community-based participatory research for health (2nd ed., pp. 91-103). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008.
Chávez V, Minkler M, Wallerstein N, Spencer MS. Community organizing for health and social justice. In: Cohen L, Chávez V, Chehimi S (editors). Prevention is primary: strategies for community well-being (1st ed., pp. 95-120). San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons; 2007.
Chen DT, Jones L, Gelberg L. Ethics of clinical research within a community-academic partnered participatory framework. Ethnicity & Disease 2006;16(1 Suppl 1):S118-135.
Cohen L, Baer N, Satterwhite P. Developing effective coalitions: an eight step guide. In: Wurzbach ME (editor). Community health education and promotion: A guide to program design and evaluation (2nd ed., pp. 144-161). Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen; 2002.
Dévieux JG, Malow RM, Rosenberg R, Jean-Gilles M, Samuels D, Ergon-Pérez E, et al. Cultural adaptation in translational research: field experiences. Journal of Urban Health Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2005;82(2Suppl 3):iii82-i91.
Doll LS, Bonzo SE, Mercy JA, Sleet DA, Haas EN. Handbook of injury and violence prevention (2nd ed.). Atlanta (GA): Springer; 2008.
Emanuel EJ, Wendler D, Grady C. What makes clinical research ethical? JAMA 2000;283:2701-2711.
Eng E, Parker E. Measuring community competence in the Mississippi Delta: the interface between program evaluation and empowerment. Health Education and Behavior 1994;21(2):199-220.
Fawcett SB, Paine-Andrews A, Fancisco VT, Schultz JA, Richter KP, Berkley-Patton J, et al. Evaluating community initiatives for health and development. In: Rootman I, McQueen D (editors). Evaluating health promotion approaches (pp. 241-277). Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization; 1995.
Fisher EB, Brownson CA, O’Toole ML, Shetty G, Anwuri VV, Fazzone P, et al. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative: demonstration projects emphasizing self-management. The Diabetes Educator 2007;33(1):83-84,86-88,91-92,passim.
Flavian C, Guinaliu M. The influence of virtual communities on distribution strategies in the internet. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 2005;33(6):405-425.
Flicker S, Travers R, Guta A, McDonald S, Meagher A. Ethical dilemmas in community-based participatory research: recommendations for institutional review boards. Journal of Urban Health 2007;84(4):478-493.
Freire P. Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder; 1970.
Gbadegesin S, Wendler D. Protecting communities in health research from exploitation. Bioethics 2006;20(5):248-253.
Geiger H. Community health centers: health care as an instrument of social change. In: Sidel VW, Sidel R (editors). Reforming medicine: lessons of the last quarter century (pp. 11–32). New York: Pantheon Books; 1984.
Gilbert SG. Supplementing the traditional institutional review board with an environmental health and community review board. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(10):1626-1629.
Green L, Daniel M, Novick L. Partnerships and coalitions for community-based research. Public Health Reports 2001a;116(Suppl 1):20-31.
Green LW, Mercer SL. Can public health researchers and agencies reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities? American Journal of Public Health 2001b;91(12):1926-1929.
Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Quarterly 2004;82(4):581-629.
Hahn RA (editor). Anthropology in public health. New York: Oxford University; 1999.
Hanson P. Citizen involvement in community health promotion: a role application of CDC’s PATCH model. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1988;9(3):177-186.
Harrell SP, Bond MA. Listening to diversity stories: principles for practice in community research and action. American Journal of Community Psychology 2006;37(3-4):365-376.
Hatcher MT, Nicola RM. Building constituencies for public health. In: Novick LF, Morrow CB, Mays GP (editors). Public health administration: principles for population-based management (2nd ed., pp. 443-458). Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; 2008.
Henry SG. The tyranny of reality. JAMA 2011;305(4):338-339.
Hill A, De Zapien JG, Staten LK, McClelland DJ, Garza R, Moore-Monroy M, et al. From program to policy: expanding the role of community coalitions. Preventing Chronic Disease 2007; 4(4):A103.
Horowitz CR, Robinson M, Seifer S. Community-based participatory research from the margin to the mainstream: are researchers prepared? Circulation 2009;119(19):2633.
Hur MH. Empowerment in terms of theoretical perspectives: exploring a typology of the process and components across disciplines. Journal of Community Psychology 2006;34(5):523.
Institute of Medicine. The future of public health. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1988.
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health 1988;192:173-202.
Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB, Allen AJ, Guzman JR. Critical issues in developing and following community based participatory research principles. In: Minkler M, Wallerstein N (editors). Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 53-76). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2003.
Iton T. Transforming public health practice to achieve health equity. Paper presented at the Health Trust Health Equities Summit, February 4, 2009, San Jose, CA. Retrieved from http://www.thrivingstudents.org/sites/default/files/Health%20Equity%20Summit%20-%20Dr.%20Anthony%20Iton.pdf [PDF - 4.46 MB].
James W. The consciousness of self. The principles of psychology. New York: Holt; 1890.
Jones MR, Horner RD, Edwards LJ, Hoff J, Armstrong SB, Smith-Hammond CA, et al. Racial variation in initial stroke severity. Stroke 2000;31(3):563-567.
Khanlou N, Peter E. Participatory action research: considerations for ethical review. Social Science & Medicine 2005;60(10):2333-2340.
Kiefer CW. Doing health anthropology: research methods for community assessment and change (1st ed.). New York: Springer; 2007.
Kleinman A. Patients and healers in the context of culture (vol. 3). Berkeley (CA): University of California; 1980.
Kleinman A, Benson P. Anthropology in the clinic: the problem of cultural competency and how to fix it. PLoS Medicine 2006;3(10):e294.
Kon AA. The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium and the translational research model. American Journal of Bioethics 2008;8(3):58-60,W51-53.
Kozinets RV. The field behind the screen: using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of Marketing Research 2002;39(1):61-72.
Kretzmann JP, McKnight JL. A guide to mapping and mobilizing the economic capacities of local residents. Evanston (IL): Department of Economics and Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research; 1996.
Krieger N, Williams D, Zierler S. “Whiting out” white privilege will not advance the study of how racism harms health. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89(5):782-783.
Krug E, Dahlberg L. Violence—a global public health problem. In: Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R (editors). World report on violence and health (pp. 1-56). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
Krumeich A, Weijts W, Reddy P, Meijer-Weitz A. The benefits of anthropological approaches for health promotion research and practice. Health Education Research 2001;16(2):121-130.
Kumagai AK, Lypson ML. Beyond cultural competence: critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education. Academic Medicine 2009;84(6):782-787.
Labonte R, Robertson A. Delivering the goods, showing our stuff: the case for a constructivist paradigm for health promotion research and practice. Health Education Quarterly 1996;23(4):431-447.
Levine RJ. Ethics and the regulation of clinical research (2nd ed.). New Haven (CT): Yale University; 1988.
Levine S, White P. Exchange as a conceptual framework for the study of interorganizational relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly 1961;5(4):583-601.
Malone RE, Yerger VB, McGruder C, Froelicher E. “It’s like Tuskegee in reverse”: a case study of ethical tensions in institutional review board review of community-based participatory research. American Journal of Public Health 2006;96(11):1914-1919.
Maton KI. Empowering community settings: agents of individual development, community betterment, and positive social change. American Journal of Community Psychology 2008;41(1):4-21.
Michener JL, Yaggy S, Lyn M, Warburton S, Champagne M, Black M, et al. Improving the health of the community: Duke’s experience with community engagement. Academic Medicine 2008;83(4):408-413.
Miller RL, Shinn M. Learning from communities: overcoming difficulties in dissemination of prevention and promotion efforts. American Journal of Community Psychology 2005;35(3-4):169-183.
Minkler M. Improving health through community organization. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK (editors). Health behavior and health education: theory, research and practice (pp. 169-181). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1990.
Minkler M. Ethical challenges for the “outside” researcher in community-based participatory research. Health Education and Behavior 2004;31(6):684-697.
Minkler M. Community organizing and community building for health (2nd ed.). Piscataway (NJ): Rutgers University; 2004.
Minkler M, Pies C. Ethical Issues in community organization and community participation. In: Minkler M (editor). Community organizing and community building for health (1st ed., pp. 116-133). Piscataway (NJ): Rutgers University; 1997.
Minkler M, Wallerstein N. Improving health through community organization. In: Minkler M (editor). Community organizing and community building for health (2nd ed., pp. 26-50). Piscataway (NJ): Rutgers University; 2004.
Minkler M, Wallerstein N (editors). Community-based participatory research for health: from process to outcomes (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008.
Minkler M, Wallerstein N. Community-based participatory research for health: from process to outcomes. Health Promotion Practice 2009;10(3):317-318.
Nyswander D. Education for health: some principles and their applications. Health Education Monographs 1956;14:65-70.
Putnam R. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster; 2001.
Quinn SC. Ethics in public health research: protecting human subjects: the role of community advisory boards. American Journal of Public Health 2004;94(6):918-922.
Resnicow K, Baranowski T, Ahluwalia JS, Braithwaite RL. Cultural sensitivity in public health: defined and demystified. Ethnicity & Disease 1999;9(1):10-21.
Rheingold H. The virtual community: homesteading on the electronic frontier. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2000.
Rich RC, Edelstein M, Hallman WK, Wandersman AH. Citizen participation and empowerment: the case of local environmental hazards. American Journal of Community Psychology 1995;23(5):657-676.
Ridings CM, Gefen D, Arinze B. Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 2002;11(3-4):271-295.
Rogers E. Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press; 1995.
Ross LF, Loup A, Nelson RM, Botkin JR, Kost R, Smith GR, et al. The challenges of collaboration for academic and community partners in a research partnership: points to consider. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2010a;5(1):19-31.
Ross LF, Loup A, Nelson RM, Botkin JR, Kost R, Smith GR, et al. Nine key functions for a human subjects protection program for community-engaged research: points to consider. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2010b;5(1):33-47.
Ross LF, Loup A, Nelson RM, Botkin JR, Kost R, Smith GR Jr, et al. Human subjects protections in community-engaged research: a research ethics framework. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2010c;5(1):5-17.
Russell N, Igras S, Kuoh H, Pavin M, Wickerstrom J. The active community engagement continuum. ACQUIRE Project Working Paper. 2008. Retrieved from http://www.acquireproject.org/fileadmin/userupload/ACQUIRE/Publications/ACE-Working-Paper-final.pdf.
Sallis JF, Owen N, Fisher EB. Ecological models of health behavior. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K (editors). Health behavior and health education (4th ed., pp. 465-485). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
Scholle SH, Torda P, Peikes D, Han E, Genevro J. Engaging patients and families in the medical home. AHRQ Publication No. 10-0083-EF. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010.
Shalowitz M, Isacco A, Barquin N, Clark-Kauffman E, Delger P, Nelson D, et al. Community-based participatory research: a review of the literature with strategies for community engagement. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2009;30(4):350-361.
Shore N. Re-conceptualizing the Belmont Report: a community-based participatory research perspective. Journal of Community Practice 2006;14(4):5-26.
Shore N. Community-based participatory research and the ethics review process. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2007;2(1):31-41.
Shoultz J, Oneha MF, Magnussen L, Hla MM, Brees-Saunders Z, Cruz MD, et al. Finding solutions to challenges faced in community-based participatory research between academic and community organizations. Journal of Interprofessional Care 2006;20(2):133-144.
Silka L, Cleghorn GD, Grullón M, Tellez T. Creating community-based participatory research in a diverse community: a case study. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2008;3(2):5-16.
Silverstein M, Banks M, Fish S, Bauchner H. Variability in institutional approaches to ethics review of community-based research conducted in collaboration with unaffiliated organizations. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2008;3(2):69-76.
Sofaer S. Coalitions and public health: a program manager’s guide to the issues. Washington (DC): Academy for Educational Development; 1993.
Staley K. Exploring impact: public involvement in NHS, public health and social care research. Eastleigh, United Kingdom: INVOLVE; 2009.
Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion 1996;10(4):282-298.
Sullivan M, Kone A, Senturia KD, Chrisman NJ, Ciske SJ, Krieger JW. Researcher and researched—community perspectives: toward bridging the gap. Health Education and Behavior 2001;28(2):130-149.
Thompson B, Kinne S. Social change theory: applications to community health. In: Bracht N (editor). Health promotion at the community level (1st ed., pp. 45-65). Newbury Park (CA): Sage; 1990.
Viswanathan M, Ammerman A, Eng E, Gartlehner G, Lohr KN, Griffith D, et al. Community-based participatory research: assessing the evidence. AHRQ Publication No. 04-E022-2. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004.
Wallerstein N. Empowerment to reduce health disparities. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health Supplement 2002;59:72-77.
Wallerstein N, Duran B. The conceptual, historical and practice roots of community-based participatory research and related participatory traditions. In: Minkler M, Wallerstein N (editors). Community-based participatoryresearch for health (1st ed., pp. 27-52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2003.
Wallerstein NB, Duran B. Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities. Health Promotion Practice 2006;7(3):312-323.
Wallerstein N, Duran B. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity. American Journal of Public Health 2010;100(Suppl 1):S40-46.
Wallerstein N, Oetzel J, Duran B, Tafoya G, Belone L, Rae R. What predicts outcomes in CBPR? In: Minkler M, Wallerstein N (editors). Community-based participatory research for health: from process to outcomes (2nd ed., pp. 371-392). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008.
Wandersman A, Florin P, Friedmann R, Meier R. Who participates, who does not, and why? An analysis of voluntary neighborhood organizations in the United States and Israel. New York: Springer; 1987.
Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research—“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap. JAMA 2007;297(4):403-406.
Williams RL, Shelley BM, Sussman AL. The marriage of community-based participatory research and practice-based research networks: can it work? A Research Involving Outpatient Settings Network (RIOS Net) study. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2009;22(4):428-435.
Wing S. Social responsibility and research ethics in community-driven studies of industrialized hog production. Environmental Health Perspectives 2002;110(5):437-444.
World Health Organization. Constitution. New York: WHO; 1947.
Yale Center for Clinical Investigation/Community Alliance for Research and Engagement. Beyond scientific publication: strategies for disseminating research findings. New Haven (CT): Yale University; 2009.
Yonas MA, Jones N, Eng E, Vines AI, Aronson R, Griffith DM, et al. The art and science of integrating Undoing Racism with CBPR: challenges of pursuing NIH funding to investigate cancer care and racial equity. Journal of Urban Health 2006;83(6):1004-1012.
Zakocs RC, Edwards EM. What explains community coalition effectiveness? A review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;30(4):351-361.
- Page last reviewed: June 25, 2015
- Page last updated: August 1, 2011
- Content source: