Secondary School Health Education Related to Nutrition and Physical Activity --- Selected Sites, United States, 2004

In 2004, data from surveys of lead health education teachers were obtained from 25 states and 10 large urban school districts.* The 25 states were distributed across all regions of the United States, and four of the school districts were among the 10 largest in the country. Among states, the number of lead health education teachers who participated ranged from 58 to 581 per state (median: 254), and response rates ranged from 70.0% to 92.0% (median: 75.0%). Among large urban school districts, the number of lead health education teachers who participated ranged from 31 to 258 per school district (median: 50), and response rates ranged from 72.0% to 98.0% (median: 78.5%).

The percentage of schools that provided any instruction on nutrition and dietary behavior in a required health education course ranged from 92.5% to 100.0% (median: 98.5%) among states and from 92.8% to 100.0% (median: 100.0%) among school districts. The percentage of schools that provided any instruction on physical activity and fitness in a required health education course ranged from 94.8% to 100.0% (median: 98.9%) among states and from 87.9% to 100.0% (median: 100.0%) among school districts.

For each of 14 of the 15 nutrition and dietary behavior topics included in the questionnaire, the median percentage of schools that taught each topic in a required health education course ranged from 78.6% to 97.2% among states and from 82.0% to 98.8% among school districts. Medians for "keeping food safe to eat" were lower (74.3% among states and 81.1% among school districts).^† Fewer schools taught all 15 topics, with percentages ranging from 50.1% to 73.4% (median: 57.7%) among states and from 42.7% to 83.9% (median: 67.8%) among school districts (Table 1). For each of 10 of the 12 physical activity topics included in the questionnaire, the median percentage of schools that taught each one in a required health education course ranged from 70.4% to 94.4% among states and from 78.4% to 92.7% among school districts. Medians for "developing an individualized physical activity plan" and "monitoring progress toward reaching goals" were lower (69.8% and 62.8% among states, respectively, and 67.8% among school districts). The percentage of schools that taught all 12 topics ranged from 28.8% to 62.7% among states (median: 44.9%) and from 43.5% to 67.0% (median: 48.6%) among school districts (Table 1).

The percentage of schools in which the lead health education teacher received staff development on nutrition and dietary behavior during the 2 years preceding the survey ranged from 21.4% to 48.1% (median: 32.0%) among states and from 25.8% to 59.5% (median: 37.3%) among school districts (Table 2). The percentage of schools in which the lead health education teacher received staff development on physical activity and fitness during the 2 years preceding the survey ranged from 29.5% to 61.6% (median: 43.3%) among states and from 16.9% to 75.8% (median: 44.4%) among school districts (Table 2).

Reported by: ND Brener, PhD, L Kann, PhD, S Lee, PhD, ML McKenna, PhD, H Wechsler, EdD, Div of Adolescent and School Health; JE Fulton, PhD, DA Galuska, PhD, Div of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.

Editorial Note:

The findings in this report indicate that in 2004, nearly all secondary schools in 25 states and 10 large urban school districts provided education to students on nutrition and physical activity topics through required health education courses and taught key topics related to nutrition and physical activity. However, a lower proportion of schools taught all 15 nutrition and dietary behavior topics and all 12 physical activity and fitness topics included in the School Health Profiles questionnaire. Many of the topics listed in the questionnaire have been taught in classroom-based programs that have been determined to contribute to improving dietary behavior, increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary behavior, and reducing the prevalence of overweight among school-aged youths (1,5--7).

This analysis also indicated that in most of the participating states and school districts, fewer than half of lead health education teachers had received recent staff development on nutrition and physical activity. Studies have indicated that teachers who receive staff development are more likely to cover a broader range of topics (8) and use teaching methods that have been determined to improve student health behaviors (4). States and school districts should increase the availability of staff development on nutrition and physical activity for health education teachers.

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, these data include only public secondary schools and therefore do not reflect practices at private schools. Second, these data were self-reported by lead health education teachers and are therefore subject to recall and other biases; the responses were not verified by other sources. Lead health education teachers might not be aware of the classroom practices of all individual health education teachers in the school. Finally, these data are not an assessment of the effectiveness of health education instruction.

Schools should provide health education on nutrition and physical activity topics as one of several strategies to improve dietary behavior, increase physical activity, reduce sedentary behavior, and reduce overweight among youths (9). Classroom instruction should be part of a coordinated school health program that includes a healthy school meals program, healthy and appealing choices among foods and beverages offered in addition to the school meals program, a physical education program based on recommendations from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education in Moving into the Future: National Standards for Physical Education,^§ opportunities for safe and enjoyable physical activity, school health services and counseling related to dietary behavior and physical activity, and a health promotion program for school staff members (1,5).

CDC, in partnership with school administrators and staff, school health researchers, parents, and national nongovernmental health and education agencies, developed the School Health Index, a self-assessment and planning tool that schools can use to improve their health and safety policies and programs (6). Teachers, staff members, parents, students, and community members can use the School Health Index to assess whether their school curricula contain elements of effective health education on nutrition and physical activity topics and to create a plan to improve curricula and other components of their school health program.

Acknowledgments

This report is based on data collected by state and local School Health Profiles coordinators.

References

1. CDC. Guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy eating. MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-9):1--33.
2. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJR, et al. Evidence-based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr 2005;146:732--7.
3. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999--2004. JAMA 2006;295:1549--55.
4. Ross JG, Luepker RV, Nelson GD, Saavedra P, Hubbard BM. Teenage health teaching modules: impact of teacher training on implementation and student outcomes. J Sch Health 1991;61:31--4.
5. CDC. Guidelines for school and community programs to promote lifelong physical activity among young people. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR--6).
6. CDC. School health index. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2006. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shi.
7. Doak CM, Visscher TLS, Renders CM, Seidell JC. The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a review of interventions and programmes. Obes Rev 2006;7:111--36.
8. Jones SE, Brener ND, McManus T. The relationship between staff development and health instruction in schools in the United States. Am J Health Educ 2004;35:2--10.
9. CDC. Make a difference at your school! Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2005. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/keystrategies/obesity_catalog.pdf.

* Secondary schools (i.e., middle, junior high, and senior high schools) serving students in grades 6--12 were surveyed in the following states and large urban school districts: states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin; school districts: Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; District of Columbia; Los Angeles, California; Memphis, Tennessee; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; Orange County, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Diego, California.

^† Complete data on questions analyzed in this report are available at http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/profiles/2004/report.pdf.

^§ Available at http://www.aahperd.org/naspe.

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Date last reviewed: 8/3/2006