Nonfatal Scald-Related Burns Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years --- United States, 2001--2006

Scalds, which are burns attributed to hot liquids or steam, account for 33%--58% of all patients hospitalized for burns in the United States (1--3). Adults aged ≥65 years have a worse prognosis than younger patients after scald burns because of age-related factors and comorbid medical conditions (4), and they are subject to more extensive medical treatment than younger adults. To estimate the number of emergency department (ED) visits for nonfatal scald burns among U.S. adults aged ≥65 years and describe their characteristics, CDC analyzed ED visit data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) for 2001--2006. This report summarizes the results, which indicated that adults aged ≥65 years made an estimated 51,700 initial visits to EDs for nonfatal scald burns during 2001--2006, for an average of 8,620 visits per year and an estimated average annual rate of 23.8 visits per 100,000 population. Two thirds of visits were made by women. Most (76%) of the nonfatal scald injuries occurred at home; 42% were associated with hot food and 30% with hot water or steam. The findings in this report highlight the need for effective scald-prevention programs targeted to older persons.

NEISS--AIP, maintained by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), collects data on initial ED visits for all types and causes of injuries. The system uses a nationally representative sample of hospitals from 66 of the 100 NEISS--AIP hospitals that have 24-hour EDs in the United States (5). Data are collected from the medical records of new ED admissions, and only the most severe injury is recorded for each visit. Data include up to two product codes and a two-line narrative describing the circumstances of the injury (5).

For this analysis, a visit for nonfatal scald burn was defined as a visit by a patient aged ≥65 years to a hospital ED for scald burns at any time during the study period, 2001--2006. Visits were included if they met all three of the following conditions: 1) the principal diagnosis was "scald," "scald burn," "scald related," or "burn due to hot liquid or steam," or the narrative describing burn circumstance contained a common product involving hot liquid or steam (e.g., pressure cooker, microwave, or bathtub), 2) the ED visit was the first visit for treatment of this scald burn, and 3) the scald-burn incident was not work related. Visits were excluded if the burn involved only smoke, fire, chemical, electrical, radiation, or flash burns. Patients who were dead on arrival or died shortly thereafter were excluded.

All ED narratives associated with nonfatal scald burns were reviewed. NEISS--AIP provides space for coding two products associated with the injury. For visits with two product codes, the code deemed to be more descriptive of the circumstances of the injury was retained in the analysis to create a mutually exclusive set of product categories.* If multiple body parts were injured, only the most serious injury was used to create a set of mutually exclusive categories for analysis.

Visit estimates were based on weighted data from patients aged ≥65 years who were treated for nonfatal scald burns at EDs that reported data to NEISS-AIP. For each scald-related visit, NEISS--AIP assigns a sample weight based on its inverse probability of selection; these weights are summed to provide national estimates of nonfatal scald-related burns. Rates per 100,000 persons were calculated using U.S. Census Bureau population estimates (6). Subgroup estimates with <20 visits or with a coefficient of variation >30% were considered unstable and were not reported. A direct variance estimation procedure that accounts for the sample weights and complex sample design was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals.

A total of 705 ED visits for nonfatal scald burns were identified during the study period. No consistent temporal variation in the number of visits was observed across the 6 years,† or by hours of the day, days of the week, or seasons of the year. In 536 (76%) of the 705 visits, the nonfatal scald burn occurred at home, most commonly in the kitchen (60%), dining area (20%), and bathroom (11%). Hot food was involved in 42% of burns (rate = 9.9 per 100,000), hot water or steam in 30% (rate = 7.2), and contact with cookware in 9% (rate = 2.2); 8% (rate = 1.9) of nonfatal scald burns were related to home or kitchen appliances, including 3% with microwave ovens. Among the 705 visit narratives, 90% recorded the type of liquids associated with the burn, including hot (boiling) water (42%), hot oil (21%), coffee (15%), food (12%), steam (7%), and tea (3%).

Scald burn visits were more common among females (rate = 27.2) than males (rate = 19.0). The most commonly affected body parts were upper extremities (arm/hand) (42%) and lower extremities (leg/foot) (38%), followed by head/neck (8%) and lower trunk (7%). Overall, 93% of ED visits resulted in discharge after treatment; 4.2% of the patients were hospitalized, and 2% of the patients were transferred to other hospitals for more specialized care.

During 2001--2006, an estimated 139,770 initial ED visits by persons aged ≥65 years occurred for nonfatal fire or burn injuries, of which 53,600 (38%) were nonfatal scald burns. After excluding work-related scald burns, the remaining 51,700 visits for nonfatal scald-related burns yielded a national estimated annual incidence of 23.8 per 100,000 persons (Table 1). During the 6-year period, the estimated average annual number of initial ED visits for nonfatal scald-related burns in persons aged ≥65 years was 8,620. The highest estimated annual numbers of ED visits were for scald burns to the arm/hand and leg/foot, and the highest number of ED visits were for scald burns caused by food or water/steam (Table 2).

Reported by: D Hungerford, DrPH, E Sullivent, MD, K Thomas, MPH, M Wald, MPH, Div of Injury Response, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; M Galle, MD, EIS Officer, CDC.

Editorial Note:

This report provides the first national estimate of ED visits for nonfatal scald burns in older adults. Compared with younger adults, older adults with scald-related burns are more frequently admitted to hospitals, experience longer intensive-care unit and hospital stays, have increased hospital mortality, and are transferred more frequently to rehabilitation and long-term nursing facilities (3,4). The results of the analysis in this report indicate that, during 2001--2006, older adults made a substantial number of visits to U.S. EDs annually for scald burns. The burns resulted mainly in injuries to the arm/hand and leg/foot, were caused mostly by hot food and hot water or steam, and occurred predominantly in the kitchen, dining area, or bathroom. Greater awareness of the risk for these injuries and the use of simple precautions might help reduce these injuries (7,8) (Box).

The closest parallel analysis to the one reported here is the National Burn Registry (NBR) (2). However, NBR collects data on inpatients from burn centers rather than from ED visits to general hospitals, the source for NEISS--AIP data. The NBR results corroborate the findings of this report: the leading causes of nonfatal scald burns were contact with hot food, liquids, and steam. The NBR results also indicate that nonfatal scald burns occurred mainly in the kitchen, dining area, and bathroom. NBR data show that 14% of patients hospitalized with all types of burns were aged ≥60 years, and approximately 35% of these patients sustained nonfatal scald burns from hot liquids, steam, or boiling tap water. Notably, the National Fire Protection Association determined that 41% of all scald burns from cooking equipment in 2006 were caused by microwave ovens (9).

The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, the report underestimates the prevalence of nonfatal scald burns because it does not include patients treated outside of hospital EDs (e.g., outpatient clinics, private doctor's offices, and emergency walk-in clinics). Second, the report might underestimate the number of scald burns in patients with multiple injuries because the system records only one injury diagnosis. Third, narrative descriptions from medical records did not always provide details or consistent information on circumstances, products involved, injury severity, or mechanism of nonfatal scald burns. Finally, the number of ED visits in certain subgroups was small and did not support stable national estimates.

This report provides a baseline national estimate that can be used for comparison in future studies. The rapid growth in the U.S. population of older persons (10) makes monitoring of these injuries especially important. To reduce scald burns among older persons, further development of education and prevention strategies is needed, and these strategies should be evaluated for effectiveness.

Acknowledgments

The findings in this report are based, in part, on contributions from T Schroeder, MS, C Irish, MS, and other staff members of the Div of Hazard and Injury Data Systems, Consumer Product Safety Commission; J Annest, PhD, and T Haileysus, MS, Office of Statistics and Programming, and M Ballesteros, PhD, Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.

References

1. CDC. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2009. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
2. American Burn Association. National Burn Repository, 2005 report. Chicago, IL: American Burn Association; 2006. Available at http://www.ameriburn.org/NBR2005.pdf.
3. Ehrlich AR, Kathpalia S, Boyarsky Y, Schechter A, Bijur P. Elderly patients discharged home from the emergency department with minor burns. Burns 2005;31:717--20.
4. Alden NE, Bessey PQ, Rabbitts A, Hyden PJ, Yurt RW. Tap water scalds among seniors and the elderly: socio-economics and implications for prevention. Burns 2007;33:666--9.
5. US Consumer Product Safety Commission. NEISS All Injury Program: sample design and implementation. Washington, DC: US Consumer Product Safety Commission; 2001.
6. CDC. Vintage 2005 bridged-race postcensal population estimates. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2006. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm.
7. American Burn Association. Scalds: a burning issue: a campaign kit for Burn Awareness Week 2000. Chicago, IL: American Burn Association; 2000. Available at http://www.ameriburn.org/Preven/2000Prevention/Scald2000PrevetionKit.pdf.
8. US Fire Administration, National Fire Protection Association. Other cooking, food, and hot beverage burns [Chapter 8]. In: Behavioral mitigation of cooking fires through strategies based on statistical analysis. Emmitsburg, MD: US Department of Homeland Security, US Fire Administration; 2007:55--8. Available at http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/cooking/fa-312.pdf.
9. Hall JR, Jr. Home fires involving cooking equipment. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association; 2008. Available at http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files/PDF/Microwavefactsheet.pdf.
10. Day JC. Population projections of the United States, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1993 to 2050. Current Population Reports, P25-1104. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; 1993.

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Date last reviewed: 9/17/2009