Acute HIV Infection --- New York City, 2008

Acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AHI) is a highly infectious phase of disease that lasts approximately 2 months and is characterized by nonspecific clinical symptoms (1). AHI contributes disproportionately to HIV transmission because it is associated with a high level of viremia, despite negative or indeterminate antibody (Ab) tests (2). Diagnosis of AHI with individual or pooled nucleic acid amplification tests (p-NAAT) can enable infected persons to adopt behaviors that reduce HIV transmission, facilitate partner referral for counseling and testing, and identify social networks of persons with elevated rates of HIV transmission (3). The national HIV surveillance case definition does not distinguish AHI from other stages of HIV infection (4), and the frequency of AHI among reported HIV cases is unknown. In 2008, to increase detection of AHI and demonstrate the feasibility of AHI surveillance, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) initiated p-NAAT screening at four sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and enhanced citywide HIV surveillance (using a standard case definition) to differentiate AHI among newly reported cases. Seventy cases of AHI (representing 1.9% of all 3,635 HIV diagnoses reported in New York City) were identified: 53 cases from enhanced surveillance and 17 cases from p-NAAT screening (representing 9% of 198 HIV diagnoses at the four clinics). Men who have sex with men (MSM) constituted 81% of AHI cases. Screening STD clinic patients, especially MSM, with p-NAAT can identify additional cases of HIV infection. Surveillance for AHI is feasible and can identify circumstances in which HIV prevention efforts should be intensified.

Screening for AHI in Four STD Clinics

NYC DOHMH operates nine STD clinics in the five boroughs of New York City.* All clinics offer rapid HIV-Ab screening on blood specimens. In May 2008, NYC DOHMH began phasing in routine p-NAAT screening for AHI at four New York City STD clinics, beginning at Jamaica in Queens, then Chelsea in Manhattan and Fort Greene in Brooklyn in June, and finally Morrisania in the Bronx in November. Clinics were selected because of their HIV testing volume (39,000 [65%] of all HIV tests performed at New York City STD clinics in 2007) and availability of space to process the additional laboratory specimens. Testing was conducted by a commercial vendor.^† Specimens from all patients whose rapid HIV-Ab test was negative were tested by polymerase chain reaction in pools of 512 specimens. If the pool was negative for HIV RNA, all component specimens were classified as "presence of HIV not detected." If the pool was positive, component specimens were tested to identify which specimen(s) contained HIV RNA.

From May 5 to December 31, 2008, the four STD clinics performed 21,425 rapid HIV-Ab tests, of which 184 (0.9%) were HIV-Ab positive. HIV RNA was detected by p-NAAT in 17 (0.08%) of the 21,241 Ab-negative specimens. These 17 AHI cases represented 9% of 198 HIV diagnoses^§ at the four clinics during the screening period: 11 (11%) of 103 at Chelsea, one of five at Morrisania, two (5%) of 40 at Jamaica, and three (6%) of 50 at Fort Greene.

STD clinic staff members received positive p-NAAT results indicative of AHI approximately 3 weeks^¶ after patients had received negative rapid HIV-Ab test results. Public health advisors (PHAs) telephoned patients and asked them to return as soon as possible for follow-up testing and a more extensive interview regarding risk behaviors and symptoms. Sixteen of the 17 patients returned, most within 2 weeks of notification (range: 0--22 days). The patient who did not return was contacted and interviewed but had moved to another jurisdiction and received follow-up there.

Median age of patients with AHI was 28 years (range: 19--42 years) (Table). All 16 male patients were MSM; three reported having sex with men and women. The female patient reported commercial sex work and injection-drug use. Seroconversion was confirmed by Western blot in all 16 patients who returned. Nine patients were documented in the New York City STD registry, seven as having had previous and two as having concurrent syphilis infection. Eleven patients recalled one or more symptoms during the 4 weeks preceding receipt of their AHI diagnosis: fever (seven), malaise (six), night sweats (six), sore throat (five), joint pain (four), swollen glands (four), and headache (four). Patients reported an average of four sex partners (range: 0--16; two sex partners also were needle-sharing partners) during the 3 months before diagnosis. Of the 44 partners reported, sufficient information was provided to notify 36 (82%) of their HIV exposure, and among those, 16 (44%) reported that they were HIV-infected and were documented in the New York City HIV Surveillance Registry. Of the 20 who did not know their HIV status, 16 agreed to HIV testing, performed on the same day as notification. One partner was HIV-Ab positive. The Ab-negative patients, who also were p-NAAT negative, were encouraged to retest in 3 months.

Citywide Enhanced Surveillance

NYC DOHMH conducts surveillance to identify new cases of HIV infection from provider reports and electronically reportable laboratory results (positive Western blot and all CD4 and HIV viral load results).** In follow-up, PHAs obtain demographic and risk information through chart review at the provider facility and match data to criteria in the national HIV surveillance case definition (4). In January 2008, NYC DOHMH enhanced routine HIV surveillance with a working case definition for AHI (Box) to determine whether AHI was present at initial diagnosis. PHAs also documented evidence for AHI, including testing history or provider diagnosis.

Enhanced surveillance identified 53 AHI cases among the 3,482 new HIV diagnoses investigated by PHAs. Forty (75%) met the AHI case definition on the basis of laboratory criteria. Median age was 32 years (range: 15--62 years) among 50 men and three women (Table). Among the 50 men, 41 (82%) reported having sex with men. Among the 53 AHI cases, 23 (43%) were diagnosed at hospitals, 17 (32%) at private physician offices, 12 (23%) at community clinics, and one (2%) at a college clinic; each of 35 health-care providers diagnosed 1--10 cases.

Summary of Case Characteristics

Of the 3,635 new HIV diagnoses in 2008 reported to NYC DOHMH by March 15, 2009, AHI was present in 70 (1.9%), including the 17 diagnosed by p-NAAT, at the time of their HIV diagnosis. Sixty-six (94%) patients with AHI were male, and 57 (81%) were MSM. By comparison, 2,726 (75%) of all new HIV diagnoses reported in NYC in 2008 were in males, including 1,580 (43%) in MSM.

Reported by: CW Shepard, MD, K Gallagher, MPH, SD Bodach, MPH, A Kowalski, MPH, AS Terzian, PhD, E Begier, MD, I Weisfuse, MD, New York City Dept of Health and Mental Hygiene. S Blank, MD, Div of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention; BM Branson, MD, Div of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC.

Editorial Note:

The findings in this report confirm that p-NAAT can increase AHI diagnoses among high-risk STD clinic patients (3,5,6), and indicate that AHI diagnoses can be made apart from p-NAAT screening programs. The 70 AHI cases identified by NYC DOHMH represent a fraction of the 4,762 (72 per 100,000 population) new infections previously estimated to occur annually in New York City (7), highlighting the need to improve awareness and detection of AHI. Notably, 81% of AHI cases identified in New York City were among MSM, reflecting the high HIV incidence in MSM (7) and demonstrating the risk for missed diagnoses when HIV-Ab testing alone is used in a high-risk, high-incidence population (5). Without p-NAAT screening, 9% of the HIV infections documented by the four STD clinics during the screening period would have been missed. However, because HIV RNA is not detectable for approximately 10 days after infection (8), even NAAT will not identify all infected persons. CDC recommends that persons with very recent high-risk exposures be encouraged to retest after 4--6 weeks, even if p-NAAT is negative.

Based on the results, NYC DOHMH has expanded p-NAAT screening to all nine New York City STD clinics and improved ascertainment of AHI in routine surveillance. As of June 26, 2009, reportable laboratory results that might indicate recent viral acquisition are flagged systematically as potential AHI cases before investigation. Because AHI is associated with high levels of HIV RNA (9), an HIV RNA measurement >100,000 copies/mL for a person not previously reported to the health department will prompt PHAs to query the ordering provider about possible AHI. The health department also plans to include AHI data in routine surveillance reports it distributes and has sent letters asking that providers consider AHI in patients who have a negative HIV-Ab test and a high HIV viral load and document AHI diagnoses in patient charts.

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, STD clinics were not selected for p-NAAT screening based on demographic or behavioral characteristics of their patients. Targeted screening, particularly for MSM, can improve the yield of p-NAAT screening (6). The majority of AHI cases were found at the Chelsea STD clinic, which served approximately one third of patients identified as MSM at New York City STD clinics in 2007. Thus, the yield of the New York City p-NAAT screening program might be lower in clinics serving fewer MSM. Second, the findings are subject to testing bias. The New York City STD clinics used a rapid HIV-Ab test that is less sensitive during the first 3 weeks after acquisition of HIV than conventional Ab tests (5). Use of a test with a longer Ab-negative window increases the apparent yield of p-NAAT screening, because more specimens are negative for HIV antibodies and subsequently tested by p-NAAT. Finally, cases of AHI might have been misclassified or not detected. The AHI case definition allowed for provider diagnosis only, which might have resulted in misclassification among the 13 (25%) cases that met the case definition on this criterion alone. Reportable laboratory events in the case definition might not have been reported in full or accurately to NYC DOHMH. The laboratory criteria in the case definition also included nonreportable laboratory events, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and negative Western blot results, that might not have been available or ascertained during chart review. Lack of documentation of a recent negative test might have resulted in undercounting of AHI.

In the United States, NAAT is the only option available for detecting AHI before seroconversion. Ab-negative specimens are pooled to reduce costs, but p-NAAT testing increases the expense of HIV screening and the turnaround time for test results. Alternatives to detect AHI soon might be available. Combination assays that use an EIA technique for p24 antigen and HIV Ab can detect HIV infection within 3--5 days of first detection by NAAT (10). Such tests can make routine screening for AHI more feasible and potentially less expensive by detecting almost all acute HIV infections with a single screening test. Confirmatory testing with both an Ab test and RNA test after a reactive combination test result could then distinguish AHI or longstanding HIV infection. These combination tests have been available in Europe and elsewhere since 2002, and several manufacturers have indicated their intention to seek Food and Drug Administration approval for use in the United States (CDC, personal communication, 2009). Wider use of p-NAAT and combination assays could increase AHI identification. CDC is considering a national AHI case definition for use in national HIV surveillance to identify areas or populations in which HIV infection is spreading, and for assessing new methods for AHI screening.

Acknowledgments

This report is based, in part, on contributions from NYC DOHMH staff members involved in AHI screening, surveillance, and response.

References

1. Daar ES, Pilcher CD, Hect FM. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008;3:10--15.
2. Hollingsworth TD, Anderson RM, Fraser C. HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection. J Infect Dis 2008;198:687--93.
3. Pilcher CD, Fiscus SA, Nguyen TQ, et al. Detection of acute infections during HIV testing in North Carolina. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1873--83.
4. CDC. Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged <18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to <13 years---United States, 2008. MMWR 2008;57(No. RR-10).
5. Stekler JD, Swenson PD, Coombs RW, et al. HIV testing in a high-incidence population: is antibody testing alone good enough? Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:444--53.
6. Miller WC, Leone PA, McCoy S, Nguyen TQ, William DE, Pilcher CD. Targeted testing for acute HIV infection in North Carolina. AIDS 2009;23:835--43.
7. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. HIV epidemiology and field services semiannual report covering January 1, 2007--December 31, 2007. New York, NY: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; 2008. Available at http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/dires/dires-2008-report-semi2.pdf. Accessed November 19, 2009.
8. Tomaras GD, Yates NL, Liu P, et al. Initial B-cell responses to transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1: virion-binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies followed by plasma anti-gp41 antibodies with ineffective control of initial viremia. J Virol 2008;82:12449--63.
9. Pilcher CD, Joaki G, Hoffman IF, et al. Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection. AIDS 2007;21:1723--30.
10. Ly TD, Ebel A, Faucher V, Fihman V, Laperche S. Could the new HIV combined p24 antigen and antibody assays replace p24 antigen specific assays? J Virol Methods 2007;143:86--94.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from typeset documents. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.

**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

Date last reviewed: 11/25/2009