Skip directly to search Skip directly to A to Z list Skip directly to page options Skip directly to site content

Effects of Maternal Age and Age-Specific Preterm Birth Rates on Overall Preterm Birth Rates — United States, 2007 and 2014

Weekly / November 4, 2016 / 65(43);1181–1184


Article Metrics

Views equals page views plus PDF downloads

Views:

Citations:

Cynthia Ferré, MA1; William Callaghan, MD1; Christine Olson, MD1; Andrea Sharma, PhD1; Wanda Barfield, MD1 (View author affiliations)

View suggested citation

Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Rates of births to teens and of preterm births declined in the United States from 2007 to 2014. Preterm births are more common among the youngest and oldest mothers.

What is added by this report?

Preterm birth rates declined for all age groups and overall from 10.41% to 9.54% of live births. Mean maternal age increased from 27.4 years to 28.3 years. The contribution of fewer births to teens and to women aged 20−24 years to the overall decline in preterm births was offset by increases in births to older mothers.

What are the implications for public health practice?

The changing distribution of maternal age might indicate success of programs to prevent teen and unintended pregnancies. Effective public health strategies for further reducing preterm birth rates need to be tailored to different age groups.

Reductions in births to teens and preterm birth rates are two recent public health successes in the United States (1,2). From 2007 to 2014, the birth rate for females aged 15–19 years declined 42%, from 41.5 to 24.2 per 1,000 females. The preterm birth rate decreased 8.4%, from 10.41% to 9.54% of live births (1). Rates of preterm births vary by maternal age, being higher among the youngest and oldest mothers. It is unknown how changes in the maternal age distribution in the United States have affected preterm birth rates. CDC used birth data to assess the relative contributions of changes in the maternal age distribution and in age-specific preterm birth rates to the overall decrease in preterm birth rates. The preterm birth rate declined in all age groups. The effects of age distribution changes on the preterm birth rate decrease were different in younger and older mothers. The decrease in the proportion of births to mothers aged ≤19 and 20−24 years and reductions in age-specific preterm rates in all age groups contributed to the overall decline in the preterm birth rate. The increase in births to mothers aged ≥30 years had no effect on the overall preterm birth rate decrease. The decline in preterm births from 2007 to 2014 is related, in part, to teen pregnancy prevention and the changing maternal age distribution. Effective public health strategies for further reducing preterm birth rates need to be tailored to different age groups.

National Vital Statistics System data for all live births to U.S. residents in 2007 and 2014 were analyzed for the effects of maternal age on the decline in preterm birth rates. The analysis was limited to births with gestational age ≥20 weeks, as determined by the obstetric estimate. The year 2007 was the first year the obstetric estimate was available nationally (1,3). The year 2014 was the most recent year with final birth data available at the time of analysis. Preterm birth rates were defined as <37 completed weeks of gestation and expressed as a percentage of live births. Maternal age was categorized as ≤19, 20−24, 25−29, 30−34, and ≥35 years. Using rate decomposition methods, the change in preterm birth rates from 2007 to 2014 was divided into two components: 1) changes in the maternal age distribution, and 2) changes in the age-specific preterm birth rates (4). The two components were calculated relative to each other; one was held constant (by using the average value for the 2 years) as the observed variation in the other component was assessed. The sum of the two components across the age groups equaled the total preterm birth rate difference (4).

From 2007 to 2014, maternal age increased from a mean of 27.4 years to 28.3 years (Figure). A decrease in the percentage of births to mothers aged ≤24 years was observed, which included a 39.5% decrease in births to teens and an increase in births to women aged ≥25 years (Table).

From 2007 to 2014, the preterm birth rate decreased from 10.41% to 9.54%, an absolute rate difference of -0.87% (Table). A U-shaped relationship between maternal age and preterm birth was present in both years with the lowest preterm birth rate occurring among women aged 25−29 years (Table) (Figure). The decrease in preterm birth rates from 2007 to 2014 was observed for mothers at all ages <42 years. The absolute rate difference was highest among teens and lowest among women aged ≥35 years (Table).

The decomposition analysis partitioned the overall observed rate difference of -0.87% into two parts, age distribution and age-specific rate components (Table). The change in age distribution contributed to the preterm birth rate decrease (as indicated by the negative values) only among mothers aged ≤24 years. In contrast, the age distribution component for mothers aged ≥25 years, and especially for mothers aged ≥30 years, offset this decline. When the age distribution components were summed across the age groups, a negligible effect (0.01) was observed on the overall change in preterm birth rates. The change in age-specific preterm birth rates contributed to the decline in preterm birth rate across all age groups.

Examining the total effect of both components on the preterm birth rate decline by age group, the largest total effects were observed among mothers aged ≤19 and mothers aged 20−24 years (Table). In these two groups, the change in age distribution had a larger effect than the change in the age-specific preterm birth rate. For mothers aged 25−29 years, the total effect also contributed to the overall preterm birth rate decline because the age-specific rate component was greater than the age distribution component. For mothers aged ≥30 years, the total effect of both components did not contribute to the overall preterm birth rate decrease; the rate increases from the age distribution components were greater than the rate decreases from the age-specific rate components.

These analyses included all births; however, sensitivity analyses restricting to singleton births produced similar results. The overall absolute rate difference for singletons during this period was -0.85%, compared with the -0.87% for all births.

Discussion

The overall decline in the preterm birth rate from 2007 to 2014 was related to declines in age-specific preterm birth rates and a decrease in prevalence of births to teens and women aged 20−24 years. The contribution from mothers aged ≥24 years to the age-distribution component was offset by an increased prevalence of births to older mothers who have high rates of preterm birth. Thus, the total age distribution component masked divergent influences of younger and older mothers on the overall preterm birth rate decline. Because of this, the influence of younger mothers on the overall preterm birth rate decline is more appropriately indicated by examining the age-specific total effects in the decomposition analysis. Considering relative effects of both age distribution and age-specific preterm birth rate components, only mothers aged ≤29 years contributed to the overall rate decline, with the largest contributions from teens and women aged 20−24 years.

Other studies have documented increased preterm birth rates among teen and older mothers compared with mothers in their mid-twenties to early thirties (5). Although teen and older mothers might share some common preterm birth risk factors, such as low socioeconomic status, extremes of body mass index, and smoking, physiologic immaturity is a risk factor for teen mothers and the prevalence of preexisting chronic disease is greater among older mothers (5,6). This heterogeneity of risk for preterm births according to maternal age and the variation in changes in age-specific preterm birth rates, combined with the changes in maternal age distribution over time, suggest the need for varying preterm birth prevention strategies across the reproductive life span.

The findings in this report are subject to at least one limitation: the relationship of preterm birth with maternal age is associative, not causal. The analysis did not assess the impact of other pregnancy outcomes, such as elective termination or fetal death, or of potential confounders, such as maternal race/ethnicity, obstetric history, smoking, socioeconomic status, body mass index, chronic or pregnancy-related conditions, prenatal care, and delivery method (5–7). The effects on preterm birth rates of maternal 17-hydroxyprogesterone use, a preterm birth prevention strategy that increased during this period (6), were not examined and the effects of maternal age on spontaneous, medically indicated, early, or late preterm births were not assessed.

The overall decline in the preterm birth rate from 2007 to 2014 is related in part to the changing maternal age distribution associated with the success of teen pregnancy prevention and declines in unintended pregnancy (8). Teen pregnancy prevention is one of CDC’s Winnable Battles (9). Although teen pregnancy prevention and family planning have many positive health and societal effects, the results of this analysis suggest these programs might also have direct effects on reducing preterm birth rates. Based on recent data, 75% of pregnancies to teens aged 15−19 years and 59% of pregnancies to women aged 20−24 years are unintended (8). The need for prevention of first and repeat teen pregnancies (10) continues. Prevention of unintended pregnancy and encouragement of optimal birth spacing is one part of a five-part strategy for preterm birth prevention (7). Other strategies include improved access to preconception care, preterm birth risk identification and treatment, reduction of elective delivery before 39 weeks gestation, and single embryo transfer in assisted reproductive technology (7). These strategies need to be implemented throughout the reproductive life span to reduce preterm births for all maternal ages.

Acknowledgment

Thomas R. Frieden, Office of the Director, CDC.

Corresponding author: Cynthia Ferré, cferre@cdc.gov, 770-488-6268.

1Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.

References

  1. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Curtin SC, Matthews TJ. Births: final data for 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2015;64:1–64. PubMed
  2. Romero L, Pazol K, Warner L, et al. Reduced disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15–19 years—United States, 2006–2007 and 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:409–14. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Martin JA, Osterman MJ, Kirmeyer SE, Gregory EC. Measuring gestational age in vital statistics data: transitioning to the obstetric estimate. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2015;64:1–20. PubMed
  4. Kitagawa E. Components of a difference between two rates. J Am Stat Assoc 1955;50:1168–94.
  5. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes. Preterm birth: causes, consequences, and prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
  6. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 130: prediction and prevention of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:964–73. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Barfield WD, Henderson Z, et al. CDC grand rounds: public health strategies to prevent preterm birth. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:826–30. CrossRef PubMed
  8. Finer LB, Zolna MR. Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. N Engl J Med 2016;374:843–52. CrossRef PubMed
  9. CDC. Winnable battles: teen pregnancy. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles/teenpregnancy/index.html
  10. CDC. Vital signs: repeat births among teens—United States, 2007–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:249–55. PubMed
Return to your place in the textFIGURE. Percentages of live births (LBs) and preterm births (PTBs), by maternal age —United States, 2007 and 2014
Return to your place in the textTABLE. Number and percentage of all births and preterm births and the components of the preterm rate change, by maternal age — United States, 2007 and 2014
Maternal
age (yrs)		 All births Preterm births Rate change components*
2007 2014 % Change 2007 2014 Rate difference Age distribution Age-specific rate Total effect
No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
<20 448,461 (10.4) 251,467 (6.3) −39.5 49,222 (10.98) 24,707 (9.82) −1.15 −0.43 −0.10 −0.53
20–24 1,076,492 (25.1) 881,395 (22.1) −11.7 107,989 (10.03) 80,477 (9.13) −0.90 −0.28 −0.21 −0.49
25–29 1,202,608 (28.0) 1,144,008 (28.7) 2.6 116,846 (9.72) 101,450 (8.87) −0.85 0.07 −0.24 −0.17
30–34 957,551 (22.3) 1,080,027 (27.1) 21.6 97,982 (10.23) 100,750 (9.33) −0.90 0.47 −0.22 0.25
≥35 609,370 (14.2) 626,513 (15.7) 10.8 74,977 (12.30) 72,523 (11.58) −0.73 0.18 −0.11 0.08
Total 4,294,482 (100) 3,983,410 (100) NA 447,016 (10.41) 379,901 (9.54) −0.87 0.01 −0.88 −0.87

Abbreviation: NA = not applicable.
* Per 100 live births. For each age stratum, the decomposition components are calculated as follows: Let P2007 = the proportion of the age distribution in 2007 and P2014 = the proportion of the age distribution in 2014. Let R2007 = the preterm birth rate in 2007 and R2014 = the preterm birth rate in 2014. The age distribution component = (P2014 – P2007) x [(R2007 + R2014)/2]. The age-specific rate component = (R2014 – R2007) x [(P2007 + P2014)/2].

Suggested citation for this article: Ferré C, Callaghan W, Olson C, Sharma A, Barfield W. Effects of Maternal Age and Age-Specific Preterm Birth Rates on Overall Preterm Birth Rates — United States, 2007 and 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1181–1184. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6543a1.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

Format:
TOP
window.CDC.Policy.External.init();