Mining Publication: Multiple-Seam Mining in the United States: Background

• Coal mining
• Ground falls
• Ground stability
• Multiple seam mining
• Numerical modeling
• Risk analysis

Studies have estimated that 156 billion tons of coal, representing two-thirds of the minable reserves in the United States, are subject to multiple-seam mining. In some U.S. coalfields, particularly in central Appalachia and the West, the majority of today’s mines are operating above and/or beneath previously mined seams. The effects of multiple-seam interactions can include roof falls, rib spalling, and floor heave, which can seriously disrupt mining operations and threaten the safety of miners. In early 2006, a West Virginia coal miner was killed by rib roll that occurred in a high-stress zone beneath a remnant structure in an overlying mine [MSHA 2006]. Fortunately, not every multiple-seam situation results in hazardous conditions. Indeed, the vast majority do not. Accurate prediction of which interactions are likely to be higher-risk allows mine planners to prepare for them or avoid them. Over the years, multiple-seam mining has been the subject of much research, both in the United States and abroad. Much advice on how to mitigate the risk has been presented, but unfortunately it is often contradictory. For example, one group of researchers wrote that "stresses from superincumbent workings are not transferred through shale strata for distances of over 110 ft" [Haycocks et al. 1982], while another group indicated that “a stress transfer distance of 760 ft has been recorded between longwalls” [Haycocks et al. 1992]. For the past several years, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has been conducting research to develop better techniques for predicting the location and severity of multiple-seam interactions. During this investigation, more than 50 mines were visited across the U.S. coalfields. The study also made extensive use of numerical models, particularly the LaModel family of software [Heasley and Agioutantis 2007]. This paper presents the background to that study. The results of the study are discussed by Mark et al. [2007].