Publications, Data, & Statistics
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Publications, Data, & Statistics
Waterborne Outbreaks
- DeSilva MB, Schafer S, Kendall Scott M, Robinson B, Hills A, Buser GL, Salis K, Gargano J, Yoder J, Hill V, Xiao L, Roellig D, Hedberg K. Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with a surface water-supplied municipal water system - Baker City, Oregon, 2013. Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Aug 12:1-11. [Epub ahead of print]
- Widerström M, Schönning C, Lilja M, Lebbad M, Ljung T, Allestam G, Ferm M, Björkholm B, Hansen A, Hiltula J, Långmark J, Löfdahl M, Omberg M, Reuterwall C, Samuelsson E, Widgren K, Wallensten A, Lindh J. Large outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection transmitted through the public water supply, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.121415.
- Li N, Xiao L, Cama VA, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Guo M, Feng Y. Genetic recombination and Cryptosporidium hominis virulent subtype IbA10G2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.121361.
- CDC. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a splash park --- Idaho, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(22):615-8.
- CDC. Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak --- Utah, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(36):989-993.
- CDC. Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks associated with recreational water use — five states, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(29):729-32.
- Corso PS, Kramer MH, Blair KA, Addiss DG, Davis JP, Haddix AC. Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;DOI: 10.3201/eid0904.020417
- Naumova EN, Egorov AI, Morris RD, Griffiths JK. The elderly and waterborne Cryptosporidium infection: gastroenteritis hospitalization before and during the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;DOI: 10.3201/eid0904.020260.
- Howe AD, Forster S, Morton S, Marshall R, Osborn KO, Wright P, Hunter PR. Cryptosporidium oocysts in a water supply associated with a cryptosporidiosis outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;DOI: 10.3201/eid0806.010271
- Glaberman S, Moore JE, Lowery CJ, Chalmers RM, Sulaiman I, Elwin K, Rooney PJ, Millar BC, Dooley JSG, Lal AA, Xiao L. Three drinking-water–associated cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, Northern Ireland. [PDF - 3 pages] Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(6):631-3.
- CDC. Protracted outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pool use — Ohio and Nebraska, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50(20):406-10.
- CDC. Outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with an interactive water fountain at a beachside park — Florida, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49(25):565-8.
- CDC. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a water sprinkler fountain — Minnesota, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(40):856-60.
- CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider — Connecticut and New York, October 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997:46(1):4-8.
- CDC. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a day camp — Florida, July-August 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(21):442-4.
- CDC. Cryptosporidium infections associated with swimming pools — Dane County, Wisconsin, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43(31):561-3.
- Epidemiologic notes and reports swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis — Los Angeles County. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(20):343-5.
Foodborne Outbreaks
- Rosenthal M, Pederson R, Leibsle S, Hill V, Carter K, Roellig DM. Notes from the Field: Cryptosporidiosis associated with consumption of unpasteurized goat milk—Idaho, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(07);194-5.
- CDC. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak at a summer camp – North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(27):918-22.
- Blackburn BG, Mazurek JM, Hlavsa M, Park J, Tillapaw J, Parrish M, Salehi E, Franks W, Koch E, Smith F, Xiao L, Arrowood M, Hill V, Silva A, Johnston S, Jones JL. Cryptosporidiosis associated with ozonated apple cider. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;DOI: 10.3201/eid1204.050796.
- CDC. Foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis — Spokane, Washington, 1997. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(27):565-7.
- CDC. Outbreaks of pseudo-infection with Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium — Florida and New York City, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(16):354-8.
- CDC. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum — Minnesota, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(36):783-4.
Other Outbreaks
- Drinkard LN, Halbritter A, Nguyen GT, Sertich PL, King M, Bowman S, Huxta R, Guagenti M. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary medicine students — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(28):773.
- Fournet N, Deege MP, Urbanus AT, Nichols G, Rosner BM, Chalmers RM, Gorton R, Pollock KG, van der Giessen JWB, Wever PC, Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Mulder B, Mank TG, Overdevest I, Kusters JG, van Pelt W, Kortbeek LM. Simultaneous increase of Cryptosporidium infections in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany in late summer season, 2012. Eurosurveillance. 2013;18(2):pii=20348
- Artieda J, Basterrechea M, Arriola L, Yagüe M, Albisua E, Arostegui N, Astigarraga U, Botello R, Manterola JM. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a child day-care centre in Gipuzkoa, Spain, October to December 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(5):pii=20070.
- CDC. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a firefighting response — Indiana and Michigan, June 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(09):153-6.
- Feng Y, Wang L, Duan L, Gomez-Puerta LA, Zhang L, Zhao X, Hu J, Zhang N, Xiao L. Extended outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a pediatric hospital, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.110666.
- CDC. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak at a summer camp – North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(27):918-22.
- McGuigan CC, Steven K, Pollock KGJ. Cryptosporidiosis associated with wildlife center, Scotland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091468.
- CDC. Cryptosporidiosis — New Mexico, 1986. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1987;36(33):561-3.
- CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports cryptosporidiosis among children attending day-care centers — Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, California, New Mexico. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1984;33(42):599-60.
Disease Burden
- Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;DOI: 10.3201/eid1701.P11101
Surveillance Summaries
Laboratory Testing
- CDC. Manufacturer's recall of rapid cartridge assay kits on the basis of false-positive Cryptosporidium antigen tests — Colorado, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(09):198.
- CDC. Public health dispatch: manufacturer's recall of rapid assay kits based on false positive Cryptosporidium antigen tests — Wisconsin, 2001–2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(09):189.
- CDC. False-positive laboratory tests for Cryptosporidium involving an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay — United States, November 1997-March 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;48(01):4-8.
- CDC. Recommendations for collection of laboratory specimens associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(RR-14):1-13.
Molecular Biology
- Feng Y, Tiao N, Li N, Hlavsa M, Xiao L. Multilocus sequence typing of an emerging Cryptosporidium hominis subtype in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:524-530.
- Li Na, Xiao L, Cama VA, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Guo M, Feng Y. Genetic recombination and Cryptosporidium hominis virulent subtype IbA10G2. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.121361.
- Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Ortega Y, Gilman RH, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in Children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.071273.
- Pieniazek NJ, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Slemenda SB, Silva AJ, Moura LNS, Arrowood MJ, Ditrich O, Addiss DG. New Cryptosporidium genotypes in HIV-infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;DOI: 10.3201/eid0503.990318.
- Sulaiman IM, Xiao L, Yang C, Escalante L, Moore A, Beard CB, Arrowood MJ, Lal AA. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;DOI: 10.3201/eid0404.980424.
- Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC, Ong CSL, MacKenzie WR, Lal AA, Beard CB. Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;DOI: 10.3201/eid0304.970423.
Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis
- Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel SA, Shiferaw B, Roberts JM, Khalakdina A, Marcus R, Segler SD, Shah DD, Thomas S, Vugia DJ, Zansky SM, Dietz V, Beach MJ, Emerging Infections Prorgam FoodNet Working Group. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(7):2944-2951.
- Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, Syed Q, Verlander NQ, Chalmers RM, Morgan KL, Nichols G, Beeching N, Osborn K. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;DOI: 10.3201/eid1007.030582.
- Goh S, Reacher M, Casemore DP, Verlander NQ, Chalmers R, Knowles M, Williams J, Osborn K, Richards S. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996–2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;DOI: 10.3201/eid1006.030325.
Environmental Occurrence & Remediation
- Fayer R, Lewis EJ, Trout JM, Graczyk TK, Jenkins MC, Higgins J, Xiao L, Lal AA. Cryptosporidium parvum in oysters from commercial harvesting sites in the Chesapeake Bay. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;DOI: 10.3201/eid0505.990513.
- Carpenter C, Fayer R, Trout J, Beach MJ. Chlorine disinfection of recreational water for Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990425.
General
- Corso PS, Kramer MH, Blair KA, Addiss DG, Davis JP, Haddix AC. Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;DOI: 10.3201/eid0904.020417.
- Jaykus L. Epidemiology and detection as options for control of viral and parasitic foodborne disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;DOI: 10.3201/eid0304.970418.
- Guerrant RL. Cryptosporidiosis: an emerging, highly infectious threat. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;DOI: 10.3201/eid0301.970106.
- CDC. Assessing the public health threat associated with waterborne cryptosporidiosis: report of a workshop. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995;44(RR-6):1-19.
- Colley DG. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis threat addressed. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;DOI: 10.3201/eid0102.952011.
- CDC. Human cryptosporidiosis — Alabama. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31(19):252-4.
- Page last reviewed: August 19, 2015
- Page last updated: August 19, 2015
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