Research Articles

The Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work program has developed an abbreviated list of recommended readings on the topic of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and use, as well as antibiotic resistance. Publications related to outpatient stewardship and clinical practice guidelines are located elsewhere on this website.

Adverse Drug Events

• Bourgeois FT, Mandl KD, Valim C, Shannon MW. Pediatric adverse drug events in the outpatient setting: An 11-year national analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4): e744–50.
• Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, et al. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1858–66.
• Sarkar U, Lopez A, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. Adverse drug events in U.S. adult ambulatory medical care. Health Serv Res. 2011;46(5):1517–33.
• Schaefer MK, Shehab N, Cohen AL, Budnitz DS. Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):783–87.
• Shehab N, Patel PR, Srinivasan A, Budnitz DS. Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(6):735–43.

Antibiotic Resistance

• Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States [114 paged, 5.24 MB], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed May 19, 2014.
• Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance 2014, World Health Organization, accessed May 19, 2014.
• Bronzwaer SL, Cars O, Buchholz U, et al. A European study on the relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(3):278–82.
• Earnshaw S, Mendez A, Monnet DL, et al. Global collaboration to encourage prudent antibiotic use. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):100–34.
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Griffin MR. Antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory tract infections in US ambulatory settings. JAMA. 2009;302(7):758–66.
• Lipsitch M, Samore MH. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: A population perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8(4):347–54.

Antibiotic Resistance Efforts

• Hughes JM. Preserving the lifesaving power of antimicrobial agents. JAMA. 2011;305(10):1027–28.
• Huttner B, Goossens H, Verheij T, Harbarth S, on behalf of the CHAMP consortium. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries [15 pages]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):17–31.
• A public health action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance: 2012 update [46 pages], Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance, accessed May 19, 2014.
• Friedman CR, Whitney CG. It’s time for a change in practice: Reducing antibiotic use can alter antibiotic resistance [2 pages]. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(8):1082–83.
• Strengthening U.S. antibiotic resistance efforts, Infectious Diseases Society of America, accessed May 19, 2014.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Studies

• Barden LS, Dowell SF, Schwartz B, Lackey C. Current attitudes regarding use of antimicrobial agents: Results from physician’s and parents’ focus group discussions. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998;37(11):665–71.
• Butler CC, Rollnick S, Pill R, Maggs-Rapport F, Stott N. Understanding the culture of prescribing: Qualitative study of general practitioners’ and patients’ perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats. BMJ. 1998;317(7159):637–42.
• Finkelstein JA, Dutta-Linn M, Meyer R, Goldman R. Childhood infections, antibiotics, and resistance: What are parents saying now? Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014;53(2):145–50.
• Fluent MT, Jacobsen PL, Hicks LA. Considerations for responsible antibiotic use in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(8):683-686.
• Mangione-Smith R, Elliott MN, Stivers T, et al. Racial/ethnic variation in parent expectations for antibiotics: Implications for public health campaign. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):e385–94.
• Srinivasan A, Song X, Richards A, et al. A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of house staff physicians from various specialties concerning antimicrobial use and resistance. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(13):1451–56.
• Vanden Eng J, Marcus R, Hadler JL, et al. Consumer attitudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(9):1128–35.

Prescribing Data

• Barnett ML, Linder JA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute bronchitis in the United States, 1996–2010. JAMA. 2014;311(19):2020–22.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Office-related antibiotic prescribing for persons aged ≤14 years — United States, 1993–1994 to 2007–2008. MMWR. 2011;60(34):1153–56.
• Fairlie T, Shapiro DJ, Hersh AL, Hicks LA. National trends in visit rates and antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute sinusitis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(19):1513-14.
• Fleming-Dutra KE, Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, et al. Prevalence of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions Among US Ambulatory Care Visits, 2010-2011. JAMA. 2016;315(17):1864-1873. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4151.
• Grijalva CG, Nuorti JP, Griffin MR. Antibiotic prescription rates for acute respiratory tract infections in US ambulatory settings. JAMA. 2009;302(7):758–66.
• Hersh AL, Fleming-Dutra KE, Shapiro DJ, Hyun DY, Hicks LA. Frequency of First-line Antibiotic Selection Among US Ambulatory Care Visits for Otitis Media, Sinusitis, and Pharyngitis. JAMA Intern Med. Published online October 24, 2016. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6625
• Hicks L, Bartoces M, Roberts R, et al. US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Variation According to Geography, Patient Population, and Provider Specialty in 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;doi: 10.1093/cid/civ076.
• Hicks LA, Taylor TH, Hunkler RJ. U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(15):1461–2.
• Linder JA, Bates DW, Lee GM, Finkelstein JA. Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat. JAMA. 2005;294(18):2315–22.
• Mangione-Smith R, Wong L, Elliott MN, McDonald L, Roski J. Measuring the quality of antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory infections and bronchitis in 5 US health plans. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(8):751–57.
• Shapiro DJ, Hicks LA, Pavia AT, Hersh AL. Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007–09. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(1):234–40.