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Sepsis (peds)
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Contents
Background
- Tachycardia is typically most predominant, hypotension is a late and ominous sign
- Neonatal Sepsis
- Early onset
- First few days of life
- Fulminant, associated with maternal or perinatal risk factors
- Septic shock and neutropenia are more common
- Late onset
- Occurs after 1wk of age
- Gradual
- Meningitis more likely
- Consider if feeding disturbance, rash, lethargy, irritability, seizure, apnea, tachypnea, grunting, vomiting, poor PO, gastric distention, diarrhea
- Early onset
Clinical Features
Warm Shock vs Cold Shock
Warm Shock | Cold Shock | |
---|---|---|
Peripheries | Warm, Flushed | Mottled, Cold, Clammy |
Cap Refill | <2 sec | >2 sec |
Pulse | Bounding | Weak, Thready |
BP | Compensated | Hypotension |
HR | Tachy | Tachy or Brady |
Pulse Pressure | Widen | Narrow |
Differential Diagnosis
Sick Neonate
THE MISFITS [1]
- Trauma
- Heart
- Congenital heart disease
- Hypovolemia
- Endocrine
- Metabolic
- Sodium
- Calcium
- Glucose
- Inborn errors of metabolism
- Seizure
- Formula / feeding problems
- Intestinal Disasters
- Toxin
- Sepsis
Pediatric fever
- Upper respiratory infection (URI)
- UTI
- Sepsis
- Meningitis
- Febrile seizure
- Pneumonia
- Acute otitis media
- Whooping cough
- Unclear source
- Kawasaki disease
- Neonatal HSV
Evaluation
Work-Up
- CBC, CMP, arterial lactate, CRP
- Blood glucose
- Urinalysis/urine culture
- CXR
- CSF
- Blood cultures
SIRS Criteria in Peds
Requires > or equal to 2 of 4 requirements, with abnormal temperature or WBC required
- Temperature >100.4 or <96.8
- Age specific tachycardia or bradycardia <10th % for age <1 year
- RR >2 SD above the norm
- WBC elevated or depressed, based on age, or >10% bands
Severe Sepsis
- Cardiovascular organ dysfunction
- Respiratory distress
OR
- CNS dysfunction - GCS <11 or >3 loss from baseline
- Platelets <80 or >50% decrease from baseline
- Creatinine >2x upper limit of normal/baseline
- Total bilirubin >4 or ALT >2x normal
Septic Shock
- Hypotension<5th % for age, or SBP <2 SD below normal for age
OR
- Need for vasoactive drugs to maintain BP
OR
- Metabolic acidosis base deficit >5
- Arterial lactate >2x normal
- UOP <0.5 mL/kg/hr
- Capillary refill >5 sec
- Core to peripheral temperature gap >3 degrees C
- DESPITE IVF resuscitation >40mL/kg in 1 hour
Management
Initial assessment
- Circulation
- 1 min to attain IV access
- Afer 1 min attain IO access
- 60ml/kg IVF over the first hour
- Consider vasopressors if not fluid responsive
- Consider steroids if not fluid responsive
- Airway
- Consider early intubation, especially in fluid refractory shock
- Ketamine for sedation is drug of choice
- Hypotensioncan still occur in septic patients
- Typical paralytic agents
- Breathing
- CPAP can buy time for fluid rescuss prior intubation
- Glucose
- Ensure euglycemia
Golden Hour Goals of Resuscitation
- Cap refill <2 sec
- Normal BP
- Normal pulses, similar central and peripheral
- Warm extremities
- UOP >1 mL/kg/hr
- Normal mental status
Lactate
- Compared to adults, pediatric more often has normal lactate levels
- Controversial but surviving sepsis campaign no longer recommends trending lactate in pediatric patients[2]
Antibiotics
Neonatal
- Ampicillin 50mg/kg + gentamicin 2.5mg/kg + acyclovir
- If gram-negative strongly suspected replace gentamicin with cefotaxime or ceftaz
- Have better CNS penetration
- If gram-negative strongly suspected replace gentamicin with cefotaxime or ceftaz
Peds
Treatment will differ by local protocols
- Extended-spectrum penicillin ± aminoglycoside ± vancomycin
OR
- 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin ± aminoglycoside ± vancomycin
OR
- Carbapenem ± aminoglycosidea ± vancomycin
Vasopressors
- If vasopressors needed for septic shock, follow recommendations:
- Normotensive shock with impaired perfusion: dopamine
- Warm shock (vasodilated with poor perfusion or low BP): norepinephrine
- Cold shock (vasoconstricted with poor perfusion or low BP): epinephrine
- Consider epinephrine and perhaps norepinephrine over dopamine as a 1st line vasopressor[3]
- Dopamine may be associated with increased mortality in pediatrics, which has been demonstrated in adult literature as well[4]
- RTC trial in 2015 from Brazil, without other larger RTCs or multi-center trials to corroborate information
Disposition
- Admit
See Also
References
- ↑ Brousseau T, Sharieff GQ. Newborn emergencies: the first 30 days of life. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006 Feb;53(1):69-84, vi.
- ↑ Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 165-228.
- ↑ Ventura AM, Shieh HH, Bousso A, Goes PF, Fernandes IC, de Souza DC, et al. Double-Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Dopamine Versus Epinephineas First-Line Vasoactive Drugs in Pediatric Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2015;43:2292-302.
- ↑ Marik PE. Dopamine increases mortality in pediatric septic shock. Journal of Pediatrics. January 2016, Volume 168, Pages 253–256.
Tintinalli "Pediatric Sepsis" published in EM Resident 2013 40(4) , adapted from Goldstein, et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:2-8.