Anti-Bullying Policies and Enumeration: An Infobrief for Local Education Agencies
Basic Fact Sheet | Detailed Version
Anti-bullying laws and policies at the state and local levels are important components of bullying prevention. They promote a school environment in which all students feel safe. Every state has an anti-bullying law or policy (see StopBullying.gov). Many local school districts also establish anti-bullying policies.
This infobrief focuses on one component some jurisdictions choose to include in their anti-bullying policy – enumeration – because local education agencies may be trying to decide whether or not to enumerate their policies. This resource can help agency staff make this decision and implement a policy that protects all students.
Bullying among children and teens is a serious problem. Data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) showed that, in 2013, 20% of U.S. high school students were bullied on school property and 15% were bullied electronically during the 12 months before the survey.
What is Enumeration?
Enumeration in the context of anti-bullying policies refers to any specific listing of traits or characteristics of students that could be the basis of bullying. Enumerated anti-bullying laws or policies usually refer to those policies that list the traits or characteristics of students who have historically been targets of bullying. Common characteristics include race, disability, religion, sex or gender, national origin, sexual orientation, ancestry/ethnicity, and gender identity or expression. These traits or characteristics can be actual or perceived by those who do the bullying. Enumeration of sexual orientation is increasingly the focus of discussion about enumerated anti-bullying policies. YRBS data indicate that LGB teens are more likely to be bullied at school than their heterosexual peers.
Mixed Opinions about Enumeration
As the variation in state policies suggests, there are mixed opinions as to whether or not to enumerate anti-bullying policies, including legal opinions. Although there is growing support for enumeration, there are also concerns about unintended consequences of enumerating.
Mixed Opinions about Enumeration | |
---|---|
Support for enumeration
|
Concerns about enumeration
|
What the Research Says
There is limited research regarding the effectiveness of enumerating anti-bullying policy. In addition, the potential harmful effects on students who are not part of enumerated groups or other unintended consequences have not been studied. Two studies demonstrate associations between enumeration and bullying-related outcomes, both of which focus on the impact of enumerating sexual orientation. GLSEN’s large, but not nationally representative, online School Climate Survey of sexual minority youth aged 13-21 years found lower levels of bullying victimization among LGBT youth in schools with policies that enumerate sexual orientation. Hatzenbuehler and Keyes looked at 11th grade public school students in Oregon and found that lesbian and gay teens are less likely to attempt suicide if they live in areas with school districts that include sexual orientation as a protected characteristic in anti-bullying policies. Another paper from Hatzenbuehler and colleagues used data from 25 states to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-bullying legislation in reducing students’ risk of being bullied and cyberbullied. They found that having at least one recommended legislative component was protective against bullying and cyberbullying, but no significant effect was found for enumeration.
What Local Education Agencies Can Do
Regardless of whether or not local education agencies choose to enumerate their anti-bullying policy, establishing and implementing strong anti-bullying policies will help prevent bullying. If local education agencies choose to enumerate, they will want to ensure that the policy protects all students and minimizes unintended consequences. The following information can help prevent bullying.
Key Considerations for ALL Anti-Bullying Policies
Enumerated or not, strong anti-bullying policies will:
- Provide a clear definition of bullying, consistent with state laws, that includes prohibited actions.
- State locations where bullying might take place, such as school grounds, school events, and the internet, that are covered by the policy.
- Describe graduated sanctions and consequences for incidents of bullying, including non-punitive alternatives.
- Include a statement of rights to other legal recourse.
Actions for Effective Implementation of ALL Anti-Bullying Policies
All anti-bullying policies should have guidance for effectively implementing the policy. Having a policy “on the books” is not enough. The policy needs to be consistently enforced. This involves the following:
- Determine how the policy will be enforced, by whom, and how enforcement will be monitored.
- Educate staff, students, and families regularly about the policy using multiple channels (e.g., newsletters, emails, Facebook, etc.).
- Train staff and students to recognize bullying and respond safely and effectively.
- Establish a system to support reporting of bullying with protection from retaliation and promptly investigate and respond to reports of bullying.
- Refer perpetrators and victims to counseling and other services.
- Support effective school-based violence prevention programs that combine whole-school programs with classroom curricula and small group or individual-level programs that include mentoring and address social skills.
Additional Considerations for ENUMERATED Anti-Bullying Policies
To ensure protection for all students, enumerated policies should:
- State that all students are protected under the policy, even if they are not represented by the traits or characteristics enumerated in the policy. Using phrases like “including but not limited to” or “any other distinguishing characteristics” when enumerating characteristics helps make this clear.
- Acknowledge that not all acts of bullying are based on enumerated characteristics and that the types of things that make a student more likely to be the target of bullying change over time and from place to place.
- Include background information explaining that students with certain characteristics, actual or perceived by others, may be more likely to experience bullying.
- List examples of characteristics that might be the basis of bullying. It is important to state that these characteristics might be actual (e.g., a student is openly gay) or perceived (e.g., others think that a student is gay.)
- Page last reviewed: March 16, 2016
- Page last updated: March 16, 2016
- Content source: