Indicator Definitions - Alcohol
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- Alcohol use among youth
- Alcohol use before pregnancy
- Alcohol excise tax by beverage type (beer)
- Alcohol excise tax by beverage type (distilled spirits)
- Alcohol excise tax by beverage type (wine)
- Binge drinking frequency among adults aged ≥ 18 years who binge drink
- Binge drinking intensity among adults aged ≥18 years who binge drink
- Binge drinking prevalence among adults aged ≥18 years
- Binge drinking prevalence among women aged 18-44 years
- Binge drinking prevalence among youth
- Chronic liver disease mortality
- Commercial host (dram shop) liability laws
- Heavy drinking among adults aged ≥18 years
- Heavy drinking among women aged 18-44 years
- Local authority to regulate alcohol outlet density
- Per capita alcohol consumption among persons aged ≥ 14 years
- CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2011. MMWR 2012;61(No. SS-4).
- O’Malley PM, Wagenaar AC. Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors, and traffic crash involvement among American youth: 1976–1987. J Stud Alcohol 1991;52:478–491.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Nelson HA. State alcohol-use estimates among youth and adults, 1993–2005. Am J Prev Med 2009;36:218–24.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age at onset, duration, and severity. Pediatrics 2006;160:739–746.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Bonnie RJ and O’Connell ME, editors. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Committee on Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking. Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2004.
- CDC. Alcohol use among women of childbearing age—United States 1991-1999. MMWR 2002 51(13):273-6.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Surgeon General’s advisory on alcohol use in pregnancy. Feb 21, 2005. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/pressreleases/sg02222005.html.
- CDC. 2002 PRAMS surveillance report: multistate exhibits. Aug 23, 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/prams/2002PRAMSSurvReport/MultiStateExhibits/Multistates12.htm
- D’Angelo D, Williams L, Morrow B, et al. Preconception and interconception health status of women who recently gave birth to a live-born infant—Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 26 Reporting Areas, 2004. MMWR 2007;56(SS10):1-35.
- Floyd RL, Jack BW, Cefalo R, et al. The clinical content of preconception care: alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug exposures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199 (6 Suppl B):S333- S339.
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Increasing alcohol beverage taxes is recommended to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):230-2.
- Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):217-29.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS). www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Increasing alcohol beverage taxes is recommended to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):230-2.
- Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):217-29.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS). www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Increasing alcohol beverage taxes is recommended to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):230-2.
- Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):217-29.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Policy Information System (APIS). www.alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. January 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- Stahre M, Roeber J, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Zhang X. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:130293.
- CDC. Vital Signs: Alcohol-Impaired Driving Among Adults — United States, 2010. MMWR 2011;60: 1351-1356.
- Town M, Naimi TS, Mokdad AH, Brewer RD. Health care access among U.S. adults who drink alcohol excessively: missed opportunities for prevention. Prev Chronic Dis April 2006.
- CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR 2012;61:14–9.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Drinking in America: Myths, Realities, and Prevention Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2005.
- Dawson DA, Grant BF, LI T-K. Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:902–908.
- Woerle S, Roeber J, Landen MG. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers in New Mexico. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:293–298.
- Naimi TS, Brewer B, Mokdad AH, Serdula M, Denny C, Marks J. Binge drinking among U.S. adults. JAMA 2003;289(1):70–75.
- Guide to Community Preventive Services. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. http://www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/index.html
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. January 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- Stahre M, Roeber J, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Zhang X. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:130293.
- CDC. Vital Signs: Alcohol-Impaired Driving Among Adults — United States, 2010. MMWR 2011;60: 1351-1356.
- CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR 2012;61:14–9.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Dawson DA, Grant BF, LI T-K. Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:902–908.
- Woerle S, Roeber J, Landen MG. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers in New Mexico. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:293–298.
- Naimi TS, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. The intensity of binge alcohol consumption among U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):201–7.
- Guide to Community Preventive Services. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. http://www.thecommunityguide.org/alcohol/index.html
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. January 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR 2012;61:14–9.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- Stahre M, Roeber J, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Zhang X. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:130293.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Drinking in America: Myths, Realities, and Prevention Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2005.
- Dawson DA, Grant BF, LI T-K. Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005;29:902–908.
- Woerle S, Roeber J, Landen MG. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers in New Mexico. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:293–298.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- CDC. Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among Women of Childbearing Age — United States, 2006–2010. MMWR 2012;61:534-538.
- CDC. Vital Signs: Binge Drinking Among Women and High School Girls — United States, 2011. MMWR 2013;62:9-13.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Naimi TS, Lipscomb L, Brewer B, Gilbert B. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics 2003;111:1136–41.
- Maier SE, West JR. Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Res Health 2001;25:168–74.
- Institute of Medicine. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. National Academy Press. 1996.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- May PA, Gossage JP. Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome: a summary. Alcohol Res Health 2001;25:159–67.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2011. MMWR 2012;61(No. SS-4).
- Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Drinking in America: Myths, Realities, and Prevention Policy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2005.
- CDC. Vital signs: binge drinking among high school students and adults—United States, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:1274–9.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Nelson HA. State alcohol-use estimates among youth and adults, 1993–2005. Am J Prev Med 2009;36:218–24.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. January 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Health Data Interactive. www.cdc.gov/nchs/hdi.htm.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1970–2009. Surveillance Report #93. August 2012. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Surveillance93/Cirr09.htm
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Recommendations on dram shop liability and overservice law enforcement initiatives to prevent excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(3):344-6.
- Rammohan V, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey TL, Chattopadhyay SK, Zometa C, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Effects of dram shop liability and enhanced overservice law enforcement initiatives on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: two Community Guide systematic reviews. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(3):334-43.
- Mosher, JF, Cohen, EN, Jernigan, DH. Commercial Host (Dram Shop) Liability: Current Status and Trends. Am J Prev Med 2013;45(3):347-353.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Healthy People Statistical Notes, no. 20. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. January 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/
- Naimi TS, Brewer B, Mokdad AH, Serdula M, Denny C, Marks J. Binge drinking among U.S. adults. JAMA 2003;289(1):70–75.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) application. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013: www.cdc.gov/ARDI.
- Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(5):516-524.
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2000.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- CDC. Alcohol use among women of childbearing age—United States 1991-1999. MMWR 2002;51(13): 273-6.
- Floyd RL, Decoufle P, Hungerford DW. Alcohol use prior to pregnancy recognition. Am J Prev Med 1999;17:101–7.
- Warren, K.R., Hewitt, B.G., & Thomas, J.D. (2011). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Research & Health, Volume 34, Issue Number 1.
- Sokol RJ, Delaney-Black V, Nordstrom B. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. JAMA 2003;290(22):2996-9.
- US Department of Health and Human Services. US Surgeon General releases advisory on alcohol use in pregnancy. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2005. https://wayback.archive-it.org/3926/20140421162517/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/2005/02/sg02222005.html
- Williams JF, Smith VC, the COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics 2015 136(5):e1395-406.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. At-risk drinking and alcohol dependence: obstetric and gynecology implications. Committee Opinion No. 496; 2011 (Reaffirmed 2013). http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/At-Risk-Drinking-and-Alcohol-Dependence-Obstetric-and-Gynecologic-Implications.
- Floyd RL, Jack BW, Cefalo R, et al. The clinical content of preconception care: alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug exposures. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199(6 Suppl B):S333- S339.
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Recommendations for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms by limiting alcohol outlet density. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(6):570-1.
- Campbell CA, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey T, Briana Lawrence B, Middleton JC, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(6):556-69.
- Mosher JF, Treffers RD. State preemption, local control, and the regulation of alcohol retail outlet density. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(4):399–405.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977-2012. Surveillance Report #98. April 2014. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance98/CONS12.pdf
- Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):217-29.
- Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Increasing alcohol beverage taxes is recommended to reduce excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):230-2.
- Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Status Reports 2013: Excessive Alcohol Use. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/psr/alcohol/index.html
- Page last reviewed: April 6, 2017
- Page last updated: April 6, 2017
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