Indicator Definitions - Cardiovascular Disease
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- Awareness of high blood pressure among adults aged ≥ 18 years
- Awareness of high blood pressure among women aged 18-44 years
- Cholesterol screening among adults aged ≥18 years
- High cholesterol prevalence among adults aged ≥ 18 years
- Hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction
- Hospitalization for heart failure among Medicare-eligible persons aged ≥ 65 years
- Hospitalization for stroke
- Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥ 65 years with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke
- Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke
- Mortality from cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- Mortality from coronary heart disease
- Mortality from diseases of the heart
- Mortality from heart failure
- Mortality from total cardiovascular diseases
- Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥65 years with a history of coronary heart disease
- Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with a history of coronary heart disease
- Pre-pregnancy hypertension
- Taking medicine for high blood pressure control among adults aged ≥18 years with high blood pressure
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults–United States, 2003–2010. MMWR. 2012;61:703–9.
- CDC. Self-Reported Hypertension and Use of Antihypertensive Medication Among Adults — United States, 2005–2009. MMWR 2013;62(13);237-244
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Women’s Health USA 2002. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.
- Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183:S1-22.
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of chronic hypertension during pregnancy. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 14. AHRQ publication no. 00E011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000.
- Ferrer RL, Sibai BM, Morrow CD, Chiquette E, Stevens KR, Cornell J. Management of mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96:849-60.
- Dunlop AL, Jack BW, Bottalico JN, et al. The clinical content of preconception care: women with chronic medical conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199(6 Suppl B):S310-27.
- Nelson DE, Holtzman D, Bolen J, Stanwyck CA, Mack KA. Reliability and validity of measures from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Soc Prev Med 2001;46 Suppl 1:S3-42.
- Joint National Committee. Hypertension prevalence and the status of awareness, treatment, and control in the United States: final report. Hypertension 1985; 7:456-468.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Prevalence of Cholesterol Screening and High Blood Cholesterol Among Adults — United States, 2005, 2007, and 2009 MMWR 2012;61(35);697-702
- National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Prevalence of Cholesterol Screening and High Blood Cholesterol Among Adults — United States, 2005, 2007, and 2009 MMWR 2012;61(35);697-702
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: prevalence, treatment, and control of high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: United States, 1999–2002 and 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:109–114.
- National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143-3421.
Hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction Category: Cardiovascular Disease |
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Demographic Group: | All resident persons. |
Numerator: | Hospitalizations with principal diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9-CM code 410 among residents during a calendar year. When possible, include hospitalizations for residents who are hospitalized in another state. |
Denominator: | Midyear resident population for the same calendar year. |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual number of hospitalizations. Annual hospitalization rates — crude and age-adjusted (standardized by the direct method to the year 2000 standard U.S. population, distribution 11) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Calendar year. |
Background: | National Hospital Discharge survey showed that age-adjusted hospitalization rate for myocardial infarction increased from 1979-1987, stabilized from 1987 to 1996 and then declined after 1996 to 20052. Although the trends were similar between men and women, men had the hospitalization rate almost twice as those of women2. Myocardial infarction hospitalization rates increased with age.2 |
Significance: | Modifiable risk factors for CHD include behaviors (e.g., tobacco use, physical inactivity, and improper nutrition), health status (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight, or diabetes), and policies (e.g., smoking policies in restaurants and worksites).3 Rapid identification and treatment of heart attack reduces heart muscle damage, improves heart muscle function, and lowers the heart attack death rate.4 Substantial differences in CHD death rates and preventive measures exist by race, age, sex, place of residence, and other demographic factors. |
Limitations of Indicator: | Substantial numbers of persons with acute myocardial infarction die before reaching a hospital.5 Because heart disease is a chronic disease that can have a long preclinical phase, years might pass before changes in behavior or clinical practice affect population morbidity and mortality. A substantial number of misdiagnoses, particularly among women, have been reported.5 |
Data Resources: | State hospital discharge data (numerator) and population estimates from the U.S. Bureau of the Census or suitable alternative (denominator). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | Diagnoses listed on hospital discharge data might be inaccurate. Practice patterns and payment mechanisms can affect decisions by health-care providers to hospitalize patients. Residents of one state might be hospitalized in another state and not be reflected in the first state’s hospital data set. Multiple admissions for an individual patient can falsely elevate the number of persons acute myocardial infarctions. Because state hospital discharge data are not universally available, aggregation of state data to produce nationwide estimates will be incomplete. State hospital discharge data does not allow identification of incident (new) hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-16: Increase the proportion of adults aged 20 years and older who are aware of the symptoms of and how to respond to a heart attack. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-18: (Developmental) Increase the proportion of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in which appropriate bystander and emergency medical services are administered. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-19.1: Increase the proportion of eligible patients with heart attacks who receive fibrinolytic therapy within 30 minutes of hospital arrival. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-19.2: Increase the proportion of eligible patients with heart attacks who receive percutaneous intervention within 90 minutes of hospital arrival. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-22: (Developmental) Increase the proportion of adult heart attack survivors who are referred to a cardiac rehabilitation program at discharge. Million Hearts® brings together communities, health systems, nonprofit organizations, federal agencies, and private-sector partners from across the country to fight heart disease and stroke. http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Diabetes; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight Status; Tobacco |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Fang J, Alderman MH, Keenan NL, Ayala C . Acute myocardial infarction hospitalization in the United States, 1979 to 2005. Am J Med. 2010;123:259–266.
- Fryar CD, Chen T, Li X. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS Data Brief, No. 103. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2012.
- 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013; 127: 529-555
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Hall MJ, DeFrances CJ, Williams SN, Golosinskiy A, Schwartzman A. National hospital discharge survey: 2007 summary. National health statistics report; no 29. Hyattsville MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010.
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on a National Surveillance System for Cardiovascular and Select Chronic Diseases. A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 2, Cardiovascular Disease. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, Halperin JL, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kernan WN, Mitchell PH, Ovbiagele B, Palesch YY, Sacco RL, Schwamm LH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Turan TN, Wentworth D; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 2011 Jan;42(1):227-76.
Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥ 65 years with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke Category: Cardiovascular Disease |
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Demographic Group: | Resident persons aged ≥65 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged ≥65 years ever told by a doctor or health professional that they have had a heart attack or stroke or have angina or other coronary heart disease who report having received an influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months. |
Denominator: | Respondents age ≥65 years ever told by a doctor or health professional that they have had a heart attack or stroke or have angina or other coronary heart disease who report having or not having an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified, and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population, using the direct method)1 — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state level who have a history of coronary heart disease or stroke, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Previous 12 months (influenza vaccination). Lifetime (history of heart attack, stroke, angina or other coronary heart disease). |
Background: | In 2005, only 34% of adults with coronary heart disease reported receiving an influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months.2 |
Significance: | Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza prevents cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in people with cardiovascular conditions.3 The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend influenza immunization with inactivated vaccine as part of comprehensive secondary prevention in persons with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease.2 The American Heart Association estimates that 16.3 million people in the U.S. have a history of coronary heart disease and 7.0 million have a history of stroke.4 Influenza vaccination coverage levels in this population are well below national goals.2 People with cardiovascular disease (excluding isolated hypertension) are considered by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to be a high-risk group for severe complications due to influenza. 5,6 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Respondents might not distinguish between influenza and pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) vaccinations. Estimates are not specific to one influenza season; influenza vaccinations reported in the past 12 months could have been received for one or more of up to three prior influenza seasons. For further information on the surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6204a1.htm?s_cid=ss6204a1_w. To obtain influenza vaccination coverage estimates by season, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-12.6: Increase the percentage of noninstitutionalized adults aged 65 years and older who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza. The Healthy People 2020 influenza vaccination objectives have been consolidated since the original publication of Healthy People 2020, but will continue to be monitored as part of HP2020 data reporting. For more information, please refer to slide 3 in the following ACIP presentation: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-oct-2013/03-Influenza-Singleton.pdf, and the Healthy People 2020 web site: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23.. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-2: Reduce coronary heart disease deaths. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-3: Reduce stroke deaths. Healthy People 2020 Objective OA-2: Increase the proportion of older adults who are up to date on a core set of clinical preventive services. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization; Older Adults |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Davis MM, Taubert K, Benin AL, Brown DW, Mensah GA, Baddour LM, Dunbar S, Krumholz H. Influenza vaccination as secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a Science Advisory from the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114:1549-1553.
- Gurfinkel EP, Leon de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, et al. Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:25-31.
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- CDC. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2013-2014. MMWR 2013;62(No. RR-7):1-43. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6207.pdf.
- CDC. Errata: Vol. 62, No. RR-7. MMWR 2013;62(45):906. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6245a9.htm.
Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke Category: Cardiovascular Disease |
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Demographic Group: | Resident persons aged 18-64 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged 18-64 years ever told by a doctor or health professional that they have had a heart attack or stroke or have angina or other coronary heart disease who report having received an influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months. |
Denominator: | Respondents age 18-64 years ever told by a doctor or health professional that they have had a heart attack or stroke or have angina or other coronary heart disease who report having or not having an influenza vaccination in the past 12 months (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified, and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population, using the direct method1) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state level who have a history of coronary heart disease or stroke, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Previous 12 months (influenza vaccination). Lifetime (history of heart attack, stroke, angina or other coronary heart disease). |
Background: | In 2005, only 34% of adults with coronary heart disease reported receiving an influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months.2 |
Significance: | Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza prevents cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in people with cardiovascular conditions.3 The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology recommend influenza immunization with inactivated vaccine as part of comprehensive secondary prevention in persons with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease.2 The American Heart Association estimates that 16.3 million people in the U.S. have a history of coronary heart disease and 7.0 million have a history of stroke.4 Influenza vaccination coverage levels in this population are well below national goals.2 People with cardiovascular disease (excluding isolated hypertension) are considered by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to be a high-risk group for severe complications due to influenza.5,6 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Respondents might not distinguish between influenza and pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) vaccinations. Estimates are not specific to one influenza season; influenza vaccinations reported in the past 12 months could have been received for one or more of up to three prior influenza seasons. For further information on the surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6204a1.htm?s_cid=ss6204a1_w. To obtain influenza vaccination coverage estimates by season, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-12.6: Increase the percentage of noninstitutionalized high-risk adults aged 18 to 64 years who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza. The Healthy People 2020 influenza vaccination objectives have been consolidated since the original publication of Healthy People 2020, but will continue to be monitored as part of HP2020 data reporting. For more information, please refer to slide 3 in the following ACIP presentation: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-oct-2013/03-Influenza-Singleton.pdf, and the Healthy People 2020 web site: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-2: Reduce coronary heart disease deaths. Healthy People 2020 Objective HDS-3: Reduce stroke deaths. Promoting Preventive Services for Adults 50-64 — Community and Clinical Partnerships: Percent of adults who reported influenza vaccination within the past year. Percent of adults who reported current smoking, diabetes, asthma or cardiovascular disease who have ever had a pneumococcal vaccination. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Davis MM, Taubert K, Benin AL, Brown DW, Mensah GA, Baddour LM, Dunbar S, Krumholz H. Influenza vaccination as secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a Science Advisory from the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114:1549-1553.
- Gurfinkel EP, Leon de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, et al. Flu vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary interventions (FLUVACS) Study. Eur Heart J 2004;25:25-31.
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- CDC. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2013-2014. MMWR 2013;62(No. RR-7):1-43. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6207.pdf
- CDC. Errata: Vol. 62, No. RR-7. MMWR 2013;62(45):906. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6245a9.htm
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, Halperin JL, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kernan WN, Mitchell PH, Ovbiagele B, Palesch YY, Sacco RL, Schwamm LH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Turan TN, Wentworth D; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 2011 Jan;42(1):227-76.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- Fryar CD, Chen T, Li X. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS Data Brief, No. 103. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2012.
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- Fryar CD, Chen T, Li X. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS Data Brief, No. 103. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2012
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- Hall MJ, Levant S, DeFrances CJ. Hospitalization for congestive heart failure: United States, 2000–2010. NCHS data brief, no 108. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2012.
- Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on a National Surveillance System for Cardiovascular and Select Chronic Diseases. A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 2, Cardiovascular Disease. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Kochanek KD, Xu JQ, Murphy SL, Miniño AM, Kung HC. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011;60(3).
- . Fryar CD, Chen T, Li X. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS Data Brief, No. 103. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2012.
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Noninfluenza vaccination coverage among adults – United States, 2012. MMWR 2014;63(05):95-102. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a4.htm?s_cid=mm6305a4_e
- CDC. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report: Emerging Infections Program Network. Streptococcus pneumonia, provisional-2009. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC:2010. Available at:http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/spneu09.pdf
- CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-8).
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf .
- CDC. Noninfluenza vaccination coverage among adults – United States, 2012. MMWR 2014;63(05):95-102. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a4.htm?s_cid=mm6305a4_e
- CDC. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report: Emerging Infections Program Network. Streptococcus pneumonia, provisional-2009. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC:2010. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/spneu09.pdf
- CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-8).
- Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012:e2–241.
- D’Angelo D, Williams L, Morrow B, et al. Preconception and interconception health status of women who recently gave birth to a live-born infant, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 26 reporting area, 2004. MMWR Surveill Summ 2007;56:1-35.
- Jain L. The effect of pregnancy-induced and chronic hypertension on pregnancy outcome. J Perinatol 1997; 17:425-27.
- Thorngren-Jereck K, Herbst A. Perinatal factors associated with cerebral palsy in children born in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1499-1505.
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- Page last updated: April 6, 2017
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