Indicator Definitions - Asthma
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- Asthma mortality rate
- Asthma prevalence among women aged 18-44 years
- Current asthma prevalence
- Emergency department visit rate for asthma
- Hospitalizations for asthma
- Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥65 years with asthma
- Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with asthma
- Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥65 years with asthma
- Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with asthma
- Risk-based asthma mortality rate (mortality from asthma among persons with asthma)
- Risk-based emergency department visit rate for asthma (emergency department visits for asthma per persons with asthma)
- Risk-based hospital discharge rate for asthma (hospitalizations for asthma per persons with asthma)
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. National surveillance for asthma – United States, 1980 – 2004. MMWR 2007:56 (No. SS-8):1-54.
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Wonder On-line databases. http://wonder.cdc.gov/
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007.
- Brunner WM, Ross SK, Johnson JE. Review of the asthma mortality rate for Minnesota residents aged 55 years or older, 2004-2005: when death certificates deserve a second look. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009 Jul;6(3):A92. Epub 2009 Jun 15.
- Rosenman KD, Hanna E, Wasilevich EA, Lyon-Callo SK. “2007 Annual Report on Asthma Deaths Among Individuals Aged 2-34 and 45-54 Years in Michigan”. Michigan State University Department of Medicine. September 2010 (PDF available at www.GetAsthmaHelp.org)
- Hunt LW, Silverstein MD, Reed CE, O’Connell EJ, O’Fallon WM, Yunginger JW. Accuracy of the death certificate in a population-based study of asthmatic patients. JAMA 1993; 269: 1947-1952.
- Kwon HL, Belanger K, Bracken MB. Asthma prevalence among pregnant and childbearing-aged women in the United States: estimates from national health surveys. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:317-24.
- Dunlop AL, Jack BW, Bottalico JN, et al. The clinical content of preconception care: women with chronic medical conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199(6 Suppl B):S310-27.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Asthma in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 90. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:457-64.
- Schatz M, Dombrowski MP, Wise R, et al. Asthma morbidity during pregnancy can be predicted by severity classification. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:283-8.
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/annual_data.htm.
- CDC. National Survey of Children’s Health. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/slaits/nsch.htm
- Moonie S, Sterling D, Figgs L, Castro M. Asthma status and severity affects missed school days. J School Health 2006; 76 (1):000-000.
- King ME. Chapter 5: Serious psychological distress and asthma. IN: Preedy VR (ed). Scientific Basis of Healthcare. Science Publishers; 2012:86–107. http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/abs/10.1201/b11607-6
- Strine TW, Mokdad AH, Balluz LS, et al. Depression and anxiety in the United States: findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59:1383–90.
- Chapman DP, Perry GS, Strine TW. The vital link between chronic disease and depressive disorders. Prev Chronic Dis 2005;2:A14.
- Scott KM, Von Korff M, Ormel J, et al. Mental disorders among adults with asthma: results from the World Mental Health Survey. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29(2):123-33. (doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.12.006).
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. Asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education—United States, 2001-2009. MMWR 2011;60:547-552.
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- Barnett SBL, Nurmagambetov TA. Costs of asthma in the United States: 2002-2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:145-152.National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. NIH: Bethesda MD; 2007.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. NIH: Bethesda MD; 2007.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001.Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Number and rate of discharges from short-stay hospitals and of days of care, with average length of stay, and standard error, by selected first-listed diagnostic categories: United States, 2009. National Hospital Discharge Survey. Accessed 10/30/12 at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhds/2average/2009ave2_firstlist.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, 2007.
Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥65 years with asthma Category: Asthma |
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Demographic Group: | Non-institutionalized resident persons aged ≥65 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged ≥65 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months. |
Denominator: | Respondents aged ≥65 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months or not having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population, using the direct method1) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state-level who have a history of asthma, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Current (asthma) Previous 12 months (vaccinated) |
Background: | Asthma is a significant public health burden. Currently in the United States, approximately 18.5 million adults have asthma.2 During the 2010-2011 influenza season, 68.6% of adults aged ≥65 years received influenza vaccine.3 |
Significance: | Asthma appears to be related to influenza infection. Children and adults with asthma are at higher risk for influenza-related adverse health outcomes, including pneumonia, hospitalization for acute respiratory disease, and death. Because 5 to 10% of the US population has asthma, the potential public health impact of influenza infection on this vulnerable subgroup is enormous.4 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Respondents might not distinguish between influenza and pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) vaccinations. Estimates are not specific to one influenza season; influenza vaccinations reported in the past 12 months could have been received for one or more of up to three prior influenza seasons. For further information on the surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6204a1.htm?s_cid=ss6204a1_w. To obtain influenza vaccination coverage estimates by season, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-12: Increase the percentage of children and adults who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza (IID-12.7 is specific for noninstitutionalized high-risk adults aged 65 years and older). The Healthy People 2020 influenza vaccination objectives have been consolidated since the original publication of Healthy People 2020, but will continue to be monitored as part of HP2020 data reporting. For more information, please refer to slide 3 in the following ACIP presentation: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-oct-2013/03-Influenza-Singleton.pdf , and the Healthy People 2020 web site: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23. Healthy People 2020 Objective OA-2: Increase the proportion of older adults who are up to date on a core set of clinical preventive services. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization; Older Adults |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Interim results: state-specific seasonal influenza vaccination coverage – United States, August 2010-February 2011. MMWR 2011; 60(22):737-743. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6022a3.htm
- Eisner MD. Asthma and influenza vaccination. Chest 2003;124:775-777. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1081881/
Influenza vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with asthma Category: Asthma |
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Demographic Group: | Non-institutionalized resident persons aged 18 – 64 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged 18-64 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months. |
Denominator: | Respondents aged 18-64 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months or not having received influenza vaccination in the previous 12 months (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population, using the direct method1) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state-level who have a history of asthma, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Current (still has asthma) Previous 12 months (vaccinated) |
Background: | Asthma is a significant public health burden. Currently in the United States, approximately 18.5 million adults have asthma.2 During the 2010-2011 influenza season, 48.4% of high risk adults 18 – 64 years of age received influenza vaccine.3 |
Significance: | Asthma appears to be related to influenza infection. Children and adults with asthma are at higher risk for influenza-related adverse health outcomes, including pneumonia, hospitalization for acute respiratory disease, and death. Because 5 to 10% of the US population has asthma, the potential public health impact of influenza infection on this vulnerable subgroup is enormous.4 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Respondents might not distinguish between influenza and pneumococcal (Streptococcus pneumoniae) vaccinations. Estimates are not specific to one influenza season; influenza vaccinations reported in the past 12 months could have been received for one or more of up to three prior influenza seasons. For further information on the surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6204a1.htm?s_cid=ss6204a1_w. To obtain influenza vaccination coverage estimates by season, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-12: Increase the percentage of children and adults who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza (IID-12.6 is specific for noninstitutionalized high-risk adults aged 18 to 64 years). The Healthy People 2020 influenza vaccination objectives have been consolidated since the original publication of Healthy People 2020, but will continue to be monitored as part of HP2020 data reporting. For more information, please refer to slide 3 in the following ACIP presentation: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-oct-2013/03-Influenza-Singleton.pdf, and the Healthy People 2020 web site: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=23. Promoting Preventive Services for Adults 50-64 — Community and Clinical Partnerships: Percent of adults who reported influenza vaccination within the past year. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Interim results: state-specific seasonal influenza vaccination coverage – United States, August 2010-February 2011. MMWR 2011; 60(22):737-743. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6022a3.htm
- Eisner MD. Asthma and influenza vaccination. Chest 2003;124:775-777. http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1081881/
Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged ≥65 years with asthma Category: Asthma |
|
---|---|
Demographic Group: | Non-institutionalized resident persons aged ≥65 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged ≥65 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report ever having received a pneumococcal vaccination. |
Denominator: | Respondents aged ≥65 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, who report ever having or not ever having a pneumococcal vaccination (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. standard population, using the direct method1) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state-level who have a history of asthma, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Current (still has asthma) Lifetime (ever vaccinated) |
Background: | Asthma is a significant public health burden. Currently in the United States, approximately 18.5 million adults have asthma.2 In 2012 in the United States, pneumococcal vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥65 years was 59.9% overall.3 |
Significance: | In 2011, an estimated 8.2% of adults aged ≥18 years reported current asthma (http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/2011/table4-1.htm). A case-control study conducted in Tennessee, which identified cases through active, population-based and laboratory-based surveillance and verified history of asthma from the Tennessee Medicaid database, showed that among adults aged 18–49 years, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was more common among persons with asthma than persons without asthma (adjusted odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.8–3.3). Among persons with high-risk asthma, the risk for IPD was nearly twice that for persons with low-risk asthma.4 In contrast, in a study conducted among a cohort of older veterans (average age: 53 years), persons with asthma did not have higher rates of hospitalization for pneumococcal pneumonia compared with persons in a group without asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were matched to the asthma patients by age, sex, and region.5 However, in the same study, hospitalization rates for pneumococcal pneumonia among persons with COPD were higher compared with persons in the control group.5 Because distinguishing between COPD and asthma becomes more difficult with advancing age, misclassification of persons in this study is a possibility.6 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Although self-reported pneumococcal vaccination has been validated,7 the reliability and validity of this measure is unknown. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-13: Increase the percentage of adults who are vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. IID-13.1 is specific to noninstitutionalized adults aged 65 years and older. Healthy People 2020 Objective OA-2: Increase the proportion of older adults who are up to date on a core set of clinical preventive services. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization; Older Adults |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC.Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 1980–2004. MMWR. 2007;56(SS-8):1-54. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5608.pdf /
- CDC. Noninfluenza vaccination coverage among adults – United States, 2012. MMWR 2014;63(05):95-102. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a4.htm?s_cid=mm6305a4_e.
- Talbot TR, Hartert TV, Mitchel E, et al. Asthma as a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2082-2090.
- Lee TA, Weaver FM, Weiss KB. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia rates in patients with COPD and asthma. J Gen Intern med 2007;22:62-67.
- CDC. Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). MMWR 2010;59:1102-1106. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5934a3.htm
- Shenson D, DiMartino D, Bolen J, Campbell M, Lu PJ, Singleton JA. Validation of self-reported pneumococcal vaccination in behavioral risk factor surveillance surveys: experience from the sickness prevention achieved through regional collaboration (SPARC) program. Vaccine 2005;23:1015-1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15620474#
Pneumococcal vaccination among non-institutionalized adults aged 18-64 years with asthma Category: Asthma |
|
---|---|
Demographic Group: | Non-institutionalized resident persons aged 18-64 years. |
Numerator: | Respondents aged 18-64 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, and who report ever having received a pneumococcal vaccination. |
Denominator: | Respondents aged 18-64 years who report having ever been told that they have asthma and who still have asthma, who report ever having or not ever having a pneumococcal vaccination (excluding unknowns and refusals). |
Measures of Frequency: | Annual prevalence — crude, age-stratified and age-adjusted (to the 2000 U.S. standard population, using the direct method1) — with 95% confidence interval; and by demographic characteristics when feasible. Because of the relatively small numbers of BRFSS respondents at the state-level who have a history of asthma, 2 or 3-year averages may be needed to provide stable state-level estimates. U.S. estimates may be based on single years of data. |
Time Period of Case Definition: | Current (still has asthma) Lifetime (ever vaccinated) |
Background: | Asthma is a significant public health burden. Currently in the United States, approximately 18.5 million adults have asthma.2 In 2012, only 20.0% of high-risk persons aged 19 to 64 years reported ever receiving a pneumococcal vaccination.3 |
Significance: | In 2011, an estimated 8.2% of adults aged ≥18 years reported current asthma (http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/2011/table4-1.htm). A case-control study conducted in Tennessee, which identified cases through active, population-based and laboratory-based surveillance and verified history of asthma from the Tennessee Medicaid database, showed that among adults aged 18–49 years, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) was more common among persons with asthma than persons without asthma (adjusted odds ratio =2.4; 95% confidence interval =1.8–3.3).4 Among persons with high-risk asthma, the risk for IPD was nearly twice that for persons with low-risk asthma.4 In contrast, in a study conducted among a cohort of older veterans (average age: 53 years), persons with asthma did not have higher rates of hospitalization for pneumococcal pneumonia compared with persons in a group without asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were matched to the asthma patients by age, sex, and region.5 However, in the same study, hospitalization rates for pneumococcal pneumonia among persons with COPD were higher compared with persons in the control group.5 Because distinguishing between COPD and asthma becomes more difficult with advancing age, misclassification of persons in this study is a possibility.6 The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that persons aged 19-64 years who have asthma should receive a single dose of pneumococcal vaccine.6 |
Limitations of Indicator: | Although self-reported pneumococcal vaccination has been validated7, the reliability and validity of this measure is unknown. |
Data Resources: | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). |
Limitations of Data Resources: | As with all self-reported sample surveys, BRFSS data might be subject to systematic error resulting from noncoverage (e.g., on college campuses or in the military), nonresponse (e.g., refusal to participate in the survey or to answer specific questions), or measurement (e.g., social desirability or recall bias). In an effort to address some of these potential concerns, BRFSS began including cell phone only users in the 2011 data collection. Due to changes in sampling and weighting methodology, 2011 is a new baseline for BRFSS, and comparisons with prior year data are inappropriate. |
Related Indicators or Recommendations: | Healthy People 2020 Objective IID-13: Increase the percentage of adults who are vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. IID-13.2 is specific to noninstitutionalized high-risk adults aged 18 to 64 years. Promoting Preventive Services for Adults 50-64 — Community and Clinical Partnerships: Percent of adults who reported current smoking, diabetes, asthma or cardiovascular disease who have ever had a pneumococcal vaccination. |
Related CDI Topic Area: | Immunization |
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Noninfluenza vaccination coverage among adults – United States, 2012. MMWR 2014;63(05):95-102. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6305a4.htm?s_cid=mm6305a4_e
- Talbot TR, Hartert TV, Mitchel E, et al. Asthma as a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2082-2090.
- Lee TA, Weaver FM, Weiss KB. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia rates in patients with COPD and asthma. J Gen Intern med 2007;22:62-67.
- CDC. Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). MMWR 2010;59:1102-1106. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5934a3.htm/
- Shenson D, DiMartino D, Bolen J, Campbell M, Lu PJ, Singleton JA. Validation of self-reported pneumococcal vaccination in behavioral risk factor surveillance surveys: experience from the sickness prevention achieved through regional collaboration (SPARC) program. Vaccine 2005;23:1015-1020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15620474#/
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- CDC. National surveillance for asthma – United States, 1980 – 2004. MMWR 2007:56 (No. SS-8):1-54.
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- CDC. Wonder On-line databases. http://wonder.cdc.gov/
- CDC. National Asthma Control program; personal communication.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3:Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007.
- Brunner WM, Ross SK, Johnson JE. Review of the asthma mortality rate for Minnesota residents aged 55 years or older, 2004-2005: when death certificates deserve a second look. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009 Jul;6(3):A92. Epub 2009 Jun 15.
- Rosenman KD, Hanna E, Wasilevich EA, Lyon-Callo SK. “2007 Annual Report on Asthma Deaths Among Individuals Aged 2-34 and 45-54 Years in Michigan”. Michigan State University Department of Medicine. September 2010.
- Hunt LW, Silverstein MD, Reed CE, O’Connell EJ, O’Fallon WM and Yunginger JW. Accuracy of the death certificate in a population-based study of asthmatic patients. JAMA 1993;269:1947-1952.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3:Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, 2007.
- As used here, the term de-duplicated means that persons with multiple admissions during the calendar year are counted only once. However, de-duplication of multiple billing records for the same ED visit is assumed.
- Klein RJ, Schoenborn CA. Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. Healthy people 2010 statistical notes, no. 20 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statnt/statnt20.pdf
- Moorman JE, Akinbami LJ, Bailey CM, et al. National Surveillance of Asthma: United States, 2001–2010. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 3(35). 2012.
- Barnett SBL, Nurmagambetov TA. Costs of asthma in the United States: 2002-2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:145-152.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2007.
- As used here, the term de-duplicated means that persons with multiple admissions during the calendar year are counted only once. However, de-duplication of multiple billing records for the same hospital admission is assumed.
- Page last reviewed: January 15, 2015
- Page last updated: January 15, 2015
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